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ECU BIOL 1050 - Sexual Reproduction and Basic Genetics
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BIOL 1050 Lecture 18 Outline of Last LectureI. DNA fingerprintingII. Creating a DNA fingerprintIII. CloningOutline of Current LectureI. ReviewII. BackgroundIII. MeiosisIV. Genetic uniquenessa. Random fertilizationb. Crossing over V. Genetics backgroundCurrent LectureI. Review a. Offspring from asexual reproduction are identical to parentb. Offspring from sexual reproduction have a unique combination of traits and uniquegenesII. Backgrounda. In humans, all cells (except sperm/egg cells) have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)b. The 2 chromosomes of a matching pair are calledi. Homologous chromosomesc. Two x chromosomes= femaled. One x and one y chromosome= malei. Y chromosome is shorter than x e. 22 pairs of autosomesf. 1 pair of sex chromosomesg. Diploid: 2n: cell has a set of homologous chromosomes (46 total chromosomes in humans)h. Haploid: n: cell has only one of each chromosome type (not a homologous pair) (23 total chromosomes in humans)i. All human cells are diploid except gametes (sperm/egg cells) which are haploidIII. Meiosisa. Cell division used to make sperm and eggs onlyb. Mistakes can lead to disorders like down syndrome (nondisjunctions)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Is the process that produces haploid gametes in diploid organismsd. Has two phasesi. Meiosis 11. DNA is replicatedii. Meiosis 21. DNA is not replicatede. This results in 4 gametes that will be haploids with a unique combination of chromosomes f. Zygote: a fertilized eggg. Female gamete is larger than male gametesh. The male gamete is used for transportation while the female gamete contains nutrients for developmenti. Meiosis is not the same for males and females IV. Genetic uniqueness a. People are genetically unique due to crossing over (recombination) and random fertilization b. Random fertilizationi. Multiple eggs and lots of sperm produced1. Only one egg and one sperm unite2. Random which egg and sperm it isc. Crossing overi. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomesii. Each chromosome becomes a mixture of information from mom and dadiii. Only happens during meiosis phase 1 iv. Swap whole genetic regions v. This is the main reason why offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically uniquevi. Crossing over produces gene combinations different from those carried by the parent’s chromosomesV. Genetics Backgrounda. Homologous chromosomes may code for different versions of traiti. Each version= allele b. Examples of genesi. Hair colorii. Eye coloriii. Hair typec. Examples of allelei. Brown or blondeii. Blue or greeniii. Curly or straightd. Alleles are dominant or recessivei. Dominant: version of trait fully showsii. Version of trait can be hiddene. Homologous chromosomesi. Homozygous dominant: 2 dominant allelesii. Heterozygous: 1 dominant, 1 recessiveiii. Homozygous recessive: 2 recessive alleles f. Monohybrid crossi. A cross between parents that differ in only one characteristic (e.g. color)g. Genotypei. An organism’s genetic makeup (e.g. Aa)h. Phenotypei. The trait an organism shows (e.g.


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ECU BIOL 1050 - Sexual Reproduction and Basic Genetics

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