Polyuria Proteinuria PyelogramExternal nares, Frontal sinus, Hard palate, Internal nares, Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior), Nasal septum, Nasopharynx, Nostrils, Olfactory epithelium, Orifice of Eustachian tube , Oropharynx, Palatine tonsil, Soft palate, Sphenoidal sinus Uvula, VestibuleApex, Base, Hilus, Horizontal fissure, Inferior lobe, Middle lobe, Oblique fissure, Pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary veins, Superior lobeHuman Anatomy & Physiology 243Unit 2: Urinary & Respiratory system Study GuideG. Brady & G. Blevins Summer 20061. Major organs or structures of the Urinary System. Be able to identify the following in microscope, photographs, diagrams, charts, and/or models:A. ORGANS AND DUCTS:R & L Kidney, R & L Ureter, Urinary bladder, Bulbospongiosus muscle, External urethral sphincter Urethra (female), Prostatic urethra (male), Membranous urethra (male), Spongy or penile urethra (male) Ureter Histology Mucosa (Transitional epithelium), Lamina propria (Areolar connective tissue)Muscularis (Longitudinal and Circular), Visceral peritoneumUrethra Histology Upper part (Transitional epithelium), Middle part (stratified columnar), Lower part near meatus(stratified squamous) B. KIDNEY:Renal capsule, Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal column, Renal pyramid, Renal papilla, Renal sinus, Minor calyx, Major calyx, Renal pelvis, Renal hilus, Parietal peritoneum,(location = Retroperitoneal)C. NEPHRON: Cortical nephron, Juxtamedullary nephron, Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, Glomerulus, Capillaryendothelial cell, Capsular space, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Juxtaglomerular cells, Macula densa, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Descending limb, Thin ascending limb, Thick ascending limb, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct, Papillary ductNephron Histology Renal corpuscle, Capsular space, Parietal epithelium (simple squamous), Visceral epithelium (seefiltration membrane), PCT (Microvillated simple cuboidal), L of H (thin) simple squamous, L of H(thick) simple cuboidal, DCT (simple cuboidal), Upper CT (simple cuboidal), Lower CT (simplecolumnar), Papillary duct (simple columnar) D. FILTRATION MEMBRANE: (Glomerulus) Endothelial fenestrations, Basement membrane (lamina densa), Podocytes, Pedicels, Filtration slits E. URINARY BLADDER:Visceral peritoneum, Detrusor muscle, Trigone, Internal urethral orifice, Rugae, Internal urethralsphincterBladder Histology Transitional epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis (Longitudinal, Circular, and Longitudinallayers), Rugae, Visceral peritoneum F. KIDNEY BLOOD SUPPLY: Arteries L & R Renal artery, Segmental arteries, Interlobar arteries, Arcuate arteries, InterlobularArteries, Afferent arterioles, Glomerular capillaries, Efferent arterioles, Peritubular capillariesVasa recta,243, U & R System Study Guide, Page 2Viens Interlobular veins, Arcuate veins, Interlobar veins, Segmental veins, L& R Renal vein 1. Understand the major functions of the urinary system and the anatomical structures involved. 2. Understand the basic physiology of the urinary system. 3. Understand the physiology of glomerular filtration including the pressures involved. Know how to calculate NHP, FP, and GFR: Glomerular filtrate Filtration pressure (FP)Glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure (GHP) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)Net hydrostatic pressure (NHP)4. Understand the regulation of glomerular filtration rate:Renal autoregulation Hormonal regulationRenin Angiotensin converting enzymeAngiotensinogen Angiotensin IIAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)5. Understand the physiology of urine production: Urine formation involves: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Renal structures involved: Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle (thin and thick portions)Distal convoluted tubule Collecting ductVasa RectaUnderstand how compounds are moved: (In particular, review summary figure fromPowerPoint presentation) facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport (symporter) countertransport (antiporter), countercurrent multiplication6. Understand the hormonal control of urine volume and osmotic concentration antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone 7. Know the normal volume, physical characteristics and principal constituents of urine. Also, know theabnormal constituents found in urine and what may cause them to appear in urine.8. Be familiar with the following medical terminology: Albuminuria Anuria BilirubinuriaCalculi Cystitis DiuresisDiuretics Dysuria Enuresis Glomerulonephritis Glucosuria HematuriaHemodialysis Hemoglobinuria IncontinenceKetonuria Micturition Polycystic kidney diseasePolyuria Proteinuria PyelogramPyelonephritis Pyuria Renal failureShock wave lithotripsy Urethritis UrinalysisUrinary tract infection (UTI)243, U & R System Study Guide, Page 31. Be able to identify the following structures of the respiratory system using microscope, photographs, diagrams, charts, and/or models:a. NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY:External nares, Frontal sinus, Hard palate, Internal nares, Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior), Nasal septum, Nasopharynx, Nostrils, Olfactory epithelium, Orifice of Eustachian tube, Oropharynx, Palatine tonsil, Soft palate, Sphenoidal sinusUvula, Vestibuleb. LARYNX:Arytenoid cartilage, Corniculate cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Epiglottis, glottis, Laryngeal sinusLaryngopharynx, Rima glottidis, Thyroid cartilage, Ventricular folds (false vocal cords)Vocal folds (true vocal cords)c. TRACHEA:Carina, Tracheal cartilage (hyaline), Trachealis muscle(Histology), Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, Lamina propria, Seromucous gland, Submucosa (aereolar connective tissue), Perichondrium, Hyaline cartilage, Adventitiad. BRONCHI: (Left & Right Side)Primary bronchi, Bronchioles, Secondary bronchi (lobar), Terminal bronchioles, Tertiary bronchi, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ductse. LUNGS: (Left & Right)(EXTERNAL ANATOMY)Apex, Base, Hilus, Horizontal fissure, Inferior lobe, Middle lobe, Oblique fissure, Pulmonary arteries.Pulmonary veins, Superior lobe(INTERNAL ANATOMY)Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveolus, Lobules, Respiratory bronchioles, Surfactant, “Type 1” Alveolar cells, “Type 2” Alveolar cellsf.