THE TRUNK and SPINAL COLUMNChapter 1233 bones, 24 are flexibleA. Cervical - 7B. Thoracic - 12C. Lumbar - 5D. Sacrum - 5 (false vertebrae - fused together)E. Coccyx - 4 (false vertebrae - fused together)•LINKClick on pictureBones of the Spinal ColumnCurves of the Spine•Cervical - concave posteriorly•Thorasic - concave anteriorly•Lumbar - concave posteriorlyAnteriorPosteriorMarkings of the Vertebrae1. Spinous process3. Transverse process - tubercle of rib articulates5. Body6. Vertebral foramenGeneral Markings•Vertebral notch•Superior•InferiorGeneral Markings•Intervertebral foramenGeneral MarkingsCervical Vertebrae•First 7 vertebrae•Identified as C1 – C7•C1 = Atlas•C2 = Axis•C7 is the large protrusion at the posterior base of the neckCervical VertebraeLarge vertebral foramenTransverse ligamentAnteriorPosteriorAtlas (C1)Dens or odontoid processAxis (C2)Atlas AxisThoracic (T1-T12)Thoracic (T1-T12)Lumbar (L1-L5)Lumbar (L1-L5)Note the differences:1. Transverse process2. Spinous process3. BodyNote the differences:1. Transverse process2. Spinous process3. BodySacrumIntervertebral DisksAnnulus fibrosus - fibrous, outer portionNucleus pulposus -soft, inner portionIntervertebral DisksThorax Bones•12 ribs and the sternum•12 pairs•7 pair are ‘true’ ribs•5 pair are ‘false’ ribs• 3 pair attach indirectly to the sternum• 2 pair are ‘floating ribs’ that don’t attach to the sternum•All ribs attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebra RibsSternumJoints of the Spinal Column•Articulation between the head and neck•i. Atlas (C1)•ii. Occipital bone•Acts as a hinge joint; flexion and extension•No rotation at this jointAtlantooccipital Joint•Articulation between C1 and C2•a. pivot joint - Rotation •b. the dens or ondontoid process fits into the inner, anterior portion of the vertebral foramen •with the help of the transverse ligament.Atlantoaxial JointSynovial joint between two vertebraeFacet Joints•Intervertebral disks attached to cell bodies•Allow limited motion in all three planesInververtebral Disks•Flexion (neck or trunk)•Extension•Lateral Flexion•Rotation•Same side•Opposite sideActions of the Spinal ColumnCervical flexionLumbar flexionFlexionCervical extensionLumbar extensionExtensionCervical lateral flexionLumbar lateral flexionLateral flexionCervical rotationLumbar rotationRotationDefects of the Spine•Increase anterior concavity ( or curvature) of the thoracic curveKyphosis - hunchback•Increase posterior concavity of the lumbar region.Lordosis - swayback•Lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the spine.Scoliois•Mastoid bone and mastoid process•Occipital bone•Ligamentum nuchae•Inguinal ligament•Linea
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