Southern Miss BSC 381 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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Chapter 3PowerPoint PresentationMorphology of Prokaryotic CellsSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Layers External to Cell WallSlide 11FlagellaSlide 13Slide 14Axial filamentsAttachment ProteinsSlide 17Prokaryotic Cell WallSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22GRAM STAININGSlide 24Slide 25Summary of Gram + vs. Gram –Atypical cell wallSlide 28Slide 29Structures Internal to Cell WallSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Internal StructuresSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Chapter 3Chapter 3Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cellsand Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotes can be grouped based on morphology Genetically determinedMonomorphic vs pleomorphicSize Range 0.2 to 80 um in diameter2 to 600 um in lengthAverage size: 0.2 -1.0 µm × 2 - 8 µmMorphology of Prokaryotic CellsMorphology of Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotes exhibit a Prokaryotes exhibit a variety of shapesvariety of shapesMost common Most commonSpiralSpiralUncommon ShapesUncommon ShapesStellaHaloarculaCells may form groupingsCells may form groupingsCells adhere together after division Cells adhere together after division Form characteristic arrangementsForm characteristic arrangementsDepends on plan of divisionDepends on plan of divisionNeisseriaNeisseria EEnterococcusnterococcus MicrococcusMicrococcus Sarcina Sarcina Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureusBacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis Bacillus megateriumBacillus megaterium Bordetella pertussisBordetella pertussisLayers External to Cell WallLayers External to Cell WallGlycocalyxGlycocalyxMade inside the cell; excreted to surfaceMade inside the cell; excreted to surfaceGeneral functionsGeneral functionsProtectionProtectionAttachmentAttachmentMotility MotilityCapsule or Slime LayerCapsule or Slime LayerChemical composition varies Chemical composition varies depending on speciesdepending on speciesFlagellaFlagellaNaked filaments composed of flagellin Naked filaments composed of flagellin Rotate clockwise/counterclockwise Rotate clockwise/counterclockwise Runs and tumblesRuns and tumblesTaxisTaxisFlagella structure has Flagella structure has three basic partsthree basic partsFilamentFilamentHookHookBasal bodyBasal bodyPolar - MonotrichousPolar - MonotrichousPeritrichousPeritrichousPolar -LophotrichousPolar -LophotrichousPolar -amphitrichousPolar -amphitrichousAxial filamentsAxial filaments Bundles of endoflagella that spiral around cellBundles of endoflagella that spiral around cellSpirochete bacteria onlySpirochete bacteria onlyCorkscrew motion Corkscrew motionAttachment ProteinsAttachment ProteinsFimbriae - bacteriaFimbriae - bacteriaFilaments of pilin proteinFilaments of pilin proteinAttachment Attachment Hami – archaeaHami – archaeaHooked protein filamentHooked protein filamentAttachmentAttachmentSex PiliSex PiliPilin tubules Pilin tubules Exchange of DNA Exchange of DNA•Cannulae – thermophilic archaea Cannulae – thermophilic archaea •Spinae - marine bacteria Spinae - marine bacteria •Connect cells over distancesConnect cells over distances•Creates mesh-like network Creates mesh-like networkProkaryotic Prokaryotic Cell WallCell WallDetermines shape of cellDetermines shape of cellProtects from osmotic pressure Protects from osmotic pressure Anchor point for flagella Anchor point for flagella Contributes to virulence Contributes to virulenceUnique chemical structureUnique chemical structureBacteria vs. ArchaeaBacteria vs. ArchaeaGram positive vs. Gram-negativeGram positive vs. Gram-negativePeptidoglycan (PTG) (murein)Peptidoglycan (PTG) (murein)Sugar found only in bacteria Sugar found only in bacteria Archaea may have proteins or alternate sugarsArchaea may have proteins or alternate sugarsBasic structure of PTGBasic structure of PTGDisaccharide polymer Disaccharide polymer N-acetylglucosamin (NAG)N-acetylglucosamin (NAG)N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)Glycan chain held together by Glycan chain held together by amino acidsamino acidsTetrapeptide chainTetrapeptide chainProtein crossbridges may or may Protein crossbridges may or may not be present not be present Mostly G+Mostly G+Gram positive cell wallGram positive cell wallThick layer of PTGThick layer of PTGTeichoic acidsTeichoic acidsLipoteichoic or Wall Lipoteichoic or Wall teichoic acidsteichoic acidsPolyalcohols that provide Polyalcohols that provide antigenic specificityantigenic specificityMay have external May have external protein or sugar layerprotein or sugar layerGram-negative cell wallGram-negative cell wallLittle or no PTGLittle or no PTGOuter lipopolysaccharide Outer lipopolysaccharide membrane (LPS)membrane (LPS)O-specific polysaccharide O-specific polysaccharide side chainside chainLipid A endotoxin Lipid A endotoxin Significant periplasmic Significant periplasmic spacespaceGRAM STAININGGRAM STAININGGram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be identified using a “gram stain”identified using a “gram stain”Summary of Gram + vs. Gram – Summary of Gram + vs. Gram – G+ cell G+ cell many rigid layers of peptidoglycanmany rigid layers of peptidoglycanteichoic acidsteichoic acidsNo outer LPS membrane No outer LPS membrane 2 ring basal body anchoring flagella2 ring basal body anchoring flagellaG- cell G- cell Little or no peptidoglycanLittle or no peptidoglycanno teichoic acidsno teichoic acidsLPS outer membraneLPS outer membrane4 ring basal body anchoring flagella4 ring basal body anchoring flagellaAtypical cell wallAtypical cell wallAcid-fast cell wallsAcid-fast cell wallsClassified as gram-positiveClassified as gram-positivemycolic acidmycolic acid bound to PTG bound to PTGMycobacteriumMycobacteriumNocardiaNocardiaChlamydiaChlamydia Classified as Gram – with Classified as Gram – with no PTGno PTGcysteine-rich proteins cysteine-rich proteinsNo cell wall No cell wall MycoplasmasMycoplasmasSterols in plasma membraneSterols in plasma membraneStructures Structures InternalInternal to Cell Wall to Cell WallCytoplasmic membraneCytoplasmic membraneDelicate thin fluid structureDelicate thin


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Southern Miss BSC 381 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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