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ATTRIBUTES THAT A/E NEED TO UNDERTAKE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

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ATTRIBUTES THAT A/E NEED TO UNDERTAKE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING Ling 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCURRENT ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION 1 1-2 July 2002 – University of California, Berkeley ATTRIBUTES THAT A/E NEED TO UNDERTAKE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING Florence Y.Y. Ling1 ABSTRACT Concurrent engineering is widely practised in design-build (DB) projects. In order to ensure concurrent engineering proceeds smoothly, it is important to put in place A/E who possess the ‘right’ attributes. The purpose of this study is to identify the attributes that design-builders consider when they select architects and engineers (A/E) to handle DB projects and undertake concurrent engineering (CE). Data were collected via mailed standard questionnaire from design-builders. For comparison, data were also collected from A/E. From the point of view of design-builders, the most important attributes are the A/E’s job knowledge in economical design, constructability and regulations that are relevant to the project. In addition, they must have good problem solving ability and project approach. It is not necessary for A/E to belong to a large firm. On the other hand, many attributes which design-builders feel are important, have not been given the same level of importance by A/E. These include having a manageable level of workload, and having the necessary job experience. It is recommended that A/E take note of these attributes, in order that they could be engaged in projects involving CE. KEY WORDS Task performance, general mental ability, job knowledge, task proficiency, job experience, concurrent engineering, design-build. 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Building, National Univ. of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, 65/68743444, FAX 65/67755502, [email protected] 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCURRENT ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION 1-2 July 2002 – University of California, Berkeley INTRODUCTION Concurrent engineering (CE) is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacturing and support (Winner 1988). Developers therefore need to consider, from the outset, all elements of the product life-cycle from conception through disposal. Eppinger (1994) identified the need for CE in large projects that need collaboration of interdependent tasks. The performance of these tasks is dependent on upstream production reliability and downstream task sensitivity. With CE, a reliable upstream production could be ensured. This minimizes the mistakes that could lead to extensive rework downstream as a result of erroneous upstream work. CE could also lead to downstream tasks that are less sensitive to errors made upstream, so that downstream work could be started early, to gain a significant duration reduction, while generating relatively little rework as a result of errors made upstream (Pena-Mora and Li 2001). A major feature of CE is effective integration of all aspects of product development, by performing simultaneously a variety of activities that used to be done sequentially (Jo et al. 1993). Studies have shown that one of the ways of applying CE to construction is through design-build (DB) procurement system (Love et al. 1998; Gunasekaran and Love 1998; Anumba and Evbuomwan 1997). Love et al. (1998) proposed a model demonstrating how CE can contribute to project effectiveness through a multi-disciplinary project team in a DB environment. They concluded that the introduction of CE approach is not radically different from DB, but the fundamental difference lies in the composition of the design team and the reliance on teamwork. Pena-Mora and Li (2001) developed a dynamic model to plan and control DB projects. The model is underpinned by, among others, CE concepts. Anumba and Evbuomwan (1997) proposed a process model to facilitate the concurrent development in DB process through the integration of all project participants into a multi-functional matrix team capable of solving potential downstream problems early in the project life-cycle and the adoption of CE design system. The above studies show that DB and CE potentially have a lot in common. The aim of this paper is to investigate the attributes that architects and engineers (A/E) should possess to undertake CE, in the context of DB projects. The attributes are investigated through the Theory of Task Performance (Schmidt et al. 1986). The specific objectives of the paper are to: • Identify attributes that A/E should possess to undertake CE in DB projects • Compare the views of A/E and design-builders on the attributes needed to undertake CE and DB. The fieldwork for this paper was carried out in Singapore. In Singapore, the Building and Construction Authority (2002) defines DB as a type of procurement method whereby the owner enters into a single contract with one entity who is responsible for both the architectural/engineering and construction works of the project. The owner usually approaches a contractor or a small group of pre-selected contractors at an early stage of the project. The contractors, together with their team of architectural and engineering consultants will propose an outline design and cost based on the owner’s requirements. Depending on theATTRIBUTES THAT A/E NEED TO UNDERTAKE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING Ling 3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCURRENT ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION 3 1-2 July 2002 – University of California, Berkeley type of project, the owners may engage their own consultants to assist them in the preparation of a more detailed design brief and tender specification. The successful contractor will be fully responsible for both the design and construction works of the project and the owner needs to deal only with the successful contractor. The importance of this study is that significant A/E attributes to undertake CE are identified. Clients and design-builders could rely on these to select the ‘right’ A/E. Selecting the right A/E will ensure that a satisfactory facility is designed, drawings are completed in a timely manner, and minimal time is needed to monitor and manage them. These lead to a greater chance of project success. This study is relevant to two groups of construction industry participants; contractors and A/E. For the A/E, as their requisite attributes are identified, they can now go about acquiring them. If they already possess these attributes, this study highlights the more relevant and


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