Chronic Diseases Chronic diseases are diseases of long duration and generally slow progression CHRONIC DISEASE Chronic diseases such as heart disease stroke cancer chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are by far the leading cause of mortality in the world representing 60 of all deaths Although chronic diseases are among the most common and costly health problems they are also among the most preventable World Health Organization 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 2 CAUSES OF DEATH 2005 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 3 1 HOW DID CHRONIC Demographic EMERGE Transition DISEASES Transition from developing to developed countries Birth rate and death rate decline almost all industrialized countries Higher life expectancy 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 4 2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION A shift from infectious disease to chronic disease through 1 Nutritional improvements 2 Industrial pollution problems emerge 3 Growth of cities 4 Improved hygiene and sanitation 5 Medical advancements and disease prevention 6 Higher Life Expectancy due to med sanitation 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 5 3 NUTRITIONAL TRANSITION Urbanization economic growth technological changes for work leisure food processing mass media growth Pattern 3 Receding Famine starchy low variety low fat high fiber labor intensive work leisure MCH deficiencies weaning disease stunting Slow mortality decline Pattern 4 Degenerative Disease increased fat sugar processed foods shift in technology of work and leisure obesity emerges bone density problems Pattern 5 Behavioral Change reduced fat increased fruit veg CHO fiber replace sedentarianism with purposeful changes in recreation other activity reduced body fatness improved bone health accelerated life expectancy extended health aging shift to increased DR NCD reduced increased disability period Environmental health DR NCD issues 01 14 2019 e Popkin Barry M 2002 Public Health Nutrition 5 93 103 Chronic diseases 6 IMPACT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL NUTRITIONAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ON CHRONIC DISEASE Demographic Transition Epidemiologic Transition Nutrition Transition High fertility mortality High prevalence infectious disease High prevalence undernutrition Reduced mortality changing age structure Receding pestilence poor environmental conditions Receding famine Focus on family planning infectious disease control Reduced fertility aging Focus on healthy aging spatial redistribution Focus on famine alleviation prevention Chronic diseases predominate Diet related noncommmucable diseases predominate Focus on medical intervention policy initiatives behavioral change 01 14 2019 e Popkin Barry M 2002 Public Health Nutrition 5 93 103 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 7 HEART DISEASE Heart disease is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of diseases that affect the heart Coronary Heart Disease Cardiomyopathy Cardiovascular Disease Ischaemic heart failure Heart failure Hypertensive heart disease Inflammatory heart disease Valvular heart disease 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 8 2009 ESTIMATED US CANCER DEATHS Men 292 540 Women 269 800 Lung bronchus 30 26 Lung bronchus Prostate 9 15 Breast Colon rectum 9 9 Colon rectum Pancreas 6 6 Pancreas Leukemia 4 5 Ovary 4 Non Hodgkin lymphoma 3 Leukemia 3 Uterine corpus Liver intrahepatic bile duct Esophagus 4 4 Urinary bladder 3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma 3 2 Liver intrahepatic bile duct Kidney renal pelvis 3 2 Brain ONS 25 25 All other sites All other sites ONS Other nervous system Source American Cancer Society 2009 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 9 The Impact of Chronic Disease Today 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 10 1 Impacts Daily Activities Environmental health issuesof Each year arthritis results in estimated medical care costs 01 14 2019 Chronic diseases nearly 81 billion and estimated total costs medical care and lost11 2 It is Extremely Costly Some stats The medical care costs of people with chronic diseases account for more than 75 of the nation s 2 trillion medical care costs The direct and indirect costs of diabetes is 174 billion a year The estimated direct and indirect costs associated with smoking exceed 193 billion annually The Centers for Disease Control 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 12 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 13 3 Chronic Disease are Preventable Basic Preventative Steps Healthy diet Exercise Quit Smoking Prevention Programs Example CDC Community Initiative 450 million States and Environmental Change Initiative 120 million National Prevention and Media Initiative 40 million 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 14 A Main Contributor to Chronic Disease Today OBESITY The Facts 2000 obesity related health care costs totaled an estimated 117 billion 1987 2001 diseases associated with obesity account for 27 of the increases in medical costs Medical expenditures for obese workers are between 29 117 greater than those with normal weight 1979 1981 to 1997 1999 annual hospital costs related to obesity among children and adolescents increased rising from 35 million to 127 million 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 15 The Health Consequences of Obesity Coronary heart disease Type 2 diabetes Cancer endometrial breast and colon Hypertension high blood pressure Dyslipidemia high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides Stroke Liver and gallbladder disease Sleep apnea and respiratory problems Osteoarthritis degeneration of cartilage and underlying bone within a joint http medmovie com mmdatabase mediaplayer Environmental health issues Chronic 01 14 2019 diseases 16 aspx Message VG9waWNpZD05MjM7Q2xpZW50SUQ9 Obesity Trends Among U S Adults BRFSS 1990 1999 2008 BMI 30 or about 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 person 1999 1990 2008 No Data 10 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 17 Chronic diseases are associated with Environmental Health Based on WHO studies WHO report Preventing disease through healthy environments 2006 Environmental factors 80 diseases infectious chronic Worse in developing countries but almost equal for non communicable diseases 01 14 2019 Environmental health issues Chronic diseases 19 Environmental factors pollution of air water soil UV and ionizing radiations occupational risks availability of safewater and