1Metabolism LecturesOutline:! Part I: Fermentations (Monday)! Part II: Respiration (Wednesday)! Part III: Metabolic Diversity (Friday)Learning objectives are:! Learn about anaerobic respiratory metabolisms.! How can an inorganic compound be use as an energy source.Bacteria and Archaea2Agrobacterium species! Alphaproteobacteria! Gram negative rods! Common in soil especiallythe root zone of plants! Some are plant pathogens– A. tumefaciens causescrown galls or plant tumors– Only if A. tumefaciens hasthe Ti (tumor inducing)plasmid.! Elements of Ti have beenengineered to generatetransgeneic plants using.Neisseria species! Betaproteobacteria! Gram negative, diplococcal! Aerobic! Most nonmotile! N. gonorrhoeae– VD! N. meningitidis– Spinal meningitis! Other Neisseria spp. arepresent in respiratory tract ofanimals.– Most rarely cause disease.! Cultivate on chocolate-bloodagar with 3-10% CO2www.textbookofbacteriology.net3Pseudomonas species! Gram negative, (Gammaproteobact.)! Mostly obligate aerobes– Some can respire nitrate.! Present in soil, water, plant surfaces! Some can degrade pollutants– TNT for example! Produce secondary metabolites– siderophores or iron bindingmolecules! Some produce pigments:– Pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa! Some fluoresce:– P. fluorescenceFrom: www.bact.wisc.edu/MicrotextbookSulfate reducing bacteria! Deltaproteobacteria! Desulfovibrio speices! Strict anaerobes! Generate energy by respirationof sulfur compounds! Some can use H2 for energy! Many use lactate, acetate,and/or ethanol as carbon andenergy sources.! Abundant in anaerobic aquaticenvironments where sulfate ishigh– Seawater! Also abundant in anaerobicenvironments with lots ofdecomposing organic matterwww.genomenewsnetwork.orgpicasaweb.google.com/sd.gibson4Campylobacter jejuni! Gram -, (Epsilonproteobact.)! Microaerophile! Most prevalent food-bornepathogen in US– Under cooked poultry, pork,shellfish! Prevalence of contamination:– 90% turkeys– 32% hogs– 89% chickenswww.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no1Streptococcus! Gram positive, Firmicutes! Pathogenic and non-pathogenickinds! Non-pathogenic:– S. lactis common dairy organism! Oral Streptococcus– S. salivarius and mutans– Grow on sugars in the mouth! Pathogenic:– S. pyogenes: strains withhemolysins can cause scarletfever– S. pneumoniae: strains withcapsules can cause disease.– Some are “flesh eating”5Bacteroides! Rod shap, Gram Negative! Strict anaerobe! Dominant microbe in human feces! 1010 per gram! Purely fermentative organisms! Normally commensal! Most anaerobic infections areBacteroides species.! Big problem in GI tract surgeriesfrom: microbewiki.kenyon.edu Pyrococcus “fireballs” furiosus! Anaerobic, Crenarchaea! Stetter isolated these froma solfatara field in VulcanoItaly (1986).! Uses proteins, starch,sugars, maltose aselectron donors for S0reductions! Also ferments sugars toH2 and CO2! Growth temps:– 70-106˚C– 100˚C is optimumwww.microbeworld.org6Thiobacillus ferrooxidans! Gamma proteobacteria! 4 Fe(II) + 4 H+ + O2 ! !>4 Fe(III) + 2 H2O! Fe(II) is stable at acidic pH– Does not get oxidized in thepresence of O2! T. ferrooxidans tolerates:– pH ~2.5– It’s an acidiphile! Can be found in acidic minewaters.! Add water to pyrite:– FeS2 ! > Fe(III) + H2SO4– That’s sulfuric acidIron mats made by ironoxidizing bacteria7Anoxic photosynthetic iron(II) oxidizing bacteriaNO3!-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizer(Acidovorax s p. strain BoFeN1)Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizer(R. ferrooxidans s train SW2)O2Fe2+1 µmPhotos by Professor Andreas KapplerFe-mineral coating2 layers8Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizer Chlorobium ferrooxidans strain KoFox(co-culture with Geospirillum strain)EncrustedGeospirillum strainKoFox cellsHow can they avoid