Developmental and Cognitive DisordersPerspectives on Developmental DisordersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An OverviewADHD: Facts and StatisticsADHD: Biological ContributionsADHD: Psychosocial ContributionsBiological Treatment of ADHDBehavioral and Combined Treatment of ADHDLearning DisordersLearning Disorders: Some Facts and StatisticsBiological and Psychosocial Causes of Learning DisordersTreatment of Learning DisordersPervasive Developmental Disorders: An OverviewAutistic DisorderAutistic Disorder: Facts and StatisticsCauses of Autism: Early and More Recent ContributionsTreatment of Pervasive Developmental DisordersMental Retardation (MR)DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Levels of Mental Retardation (MR)Other Classification Systems for Mental Retardation (MR)Mental Retardation (MR): Some Facts and StatisticsMental Retardation (MR): Biological ContributionsMental Retardation (MR): Psychosocial ContributionsTreatment of Mental Retardation (MR)Summary of Developmental DisordersCognitive Disorders: An OverviewDeliriumMedical Conditions Related to DeliriumTreatment and Prevention of DeliriumDementiaDementia: Facts and StatisticsDSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Classes of DementiaDementia of the Alzheimer’s TypeAlzheimer’s Disease: Some Facts and StatisticsVascular DementiaDementia Due to HIV DiseaseOther Causes of Dementia: Head Trauma and Parkinson’s DiseaseOther Causes of Dementia: Huntington’s and Pick’s DiseaseOther Dementias: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Substance-Induced DementiaCauses of Dementia: The Example of Alzheimer’s DiseaseThe Contributions of Psychosocial Factors in DementiaMedical and Psychosocial Treatment of DementiaPrevention of DementiaAmnestic DisorderDevelopmental and Developmental and Cognitive DisordersCognitive DisordersChapter 13Chapter 13Perspectives on Developmental Disorders•Normal vs. Abnormal Development–Childhood is associated with significant developmental changes–Disruption of early skills will likely disrupt development of later skills•Developmental Disorders–Diagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescence–Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–Learning disorders–Autism–Mental retardationAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An Overview •Nature of ADHD–Central features – Inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity–Associated with behavioral, cognitive, social, and academic problems•DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Symptom Clusters–Cluster 1 – Symptoms of inattention –Cluster 2 – Symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity cluster–Either cluster 1 or 2 must be present for a diagnosisADHD: Facts and Statistics •Prevalence–Occurs in 4%-12% of children who are 6 to 12 years of age–Symptoms are usually present around age 3 or 4–68% of children with ADHD have problems as adults•Gender Differences –Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1•Cultural Factors –Probability of ADHD diagnosis is greatest in the United StatesADHD: Biological Contributions •Genetic Contributions–ADHD runs in families–Familial ADHD may involve deficits on chromosome 20•Neurobiological Contributions: Brain Dysfunction and Damage –Inactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia–Right hemisphere malfunction–Abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning–Yet to identify a precise neurobiological mechanism for ADHD•The Role of Toxins–Allergens and food additives do not appear to cause ADHD–Maternal smoking increases risk of having a child with ADHDADHD: Psychosocial Contributions•Psychosocial Factors Can Influence the Disorder Itself–Constant negative feedback from teachers, parents, and peers–Peer rejection and resulting social isolation–Such factors foster low self-imageBiological Treatment of ADHD•Goal of Biological Treatments–To reduce impulsivity/hyperactivity and to improve attention•Stimulant Medications–Reduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70% of cases–Examples include Ritalin, Dexedrine•Effects of Medications–Improve compliance and decrease negative behaviors in many children–Beneficial effects are not lasting following drug discontinuation–Negative side effects include insomnia, drowsiness, and irritabilityBehavioral and Combined Treatment of ADHD•Behavioral Treatment–Involve reinforcement programs –Aim to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors–May also involve parent training•Combined Bio-Psycho-Social Treatments–Are highly recommendedLearning Disorders•Scope of Learning Disorders –Problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing–Performance is substantially below what would be expected•DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Reading Disorder–Discrepancy between actual and expected reading achievement–Reading is at a level significantly below that of a typical person of the same age–Problem cannot be caused by sensory deficits (e.g., poor vision)•DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Mathematics Disorder–Achievement below expected performance in mathematics•DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Disorder of Written Expression–Achievement below expected performance in writingLearning Disorders: Some Facts and Statistics•Incidence and Prevalence of Learning Disorders–1% to 3% incidence of learning disorders in the United States–Prevalence is highest in wealthier regions of the United States–Prevalence rate is 10% to 15% among school age children–Reading difficulties are the most common of the learning disorders–About 32% of students with learning disabilities drop out of school–School experience for such persons tends to be quite negativeBiological and Psychosocial Causes of Learning Disorders•Genetic and Neurobiological Contributions–Reading disorder runs in families, with 100% concordance rate for identical twins–Evidence for subtle forms of brain damage is inconclusive–Overall, genetic and neurobiological contributions are unclear •Psychological and motivational factors seem to affect eventual outcomeTreatment of Learning Disorders•Requires Intense Educational Interventions–Remediation of basic processing problems (e.g., teaching visual skills)–Efforts to improve of cognitive skills (e.g., instruction in listening)–Targeting behavioral skills to compensate for problem areas•Data Support Behavioral Educational Interventions for Learning DisordersPervasive Developmental Disorders: An Overview•Nature of Pervasive Developmental Disorders –Problems occur in language, socialization, and