HI363AgeofAugustus:OverviewofRomanCulture,753‐44BCETypesofevidence¾ histories:Polybius–2ndBCE;Livy,Caesar–1stBCE;Tacitus–1stCE¾ poetry:Menander/Terence–2ndBCE;Vergil,Horace,Ovid–Augustan¾ biography:Plutarch,Suetonius–2ndCE¾ archaeology: monuments, art (sculpture, wall painting, pottery), coins, small finds(jewellry,religiousimplements,militaryhardware)¾ official and private documents – inscriptions, fasti, graffiti, papyrus, lead cursetablets,accounts,correspondenceSocialsystems¾ community¾ language&literacy¾ publicvs.private(domus,villa)placeso forum, temples, markets, lawcourts, palaces, columns, arenas,amphitheaters, mausoleums, aqueducts, baths, gymnasiums, taverns,bakeries,brothels,aqueducts,roads,bridges¾ social&militaryorganization¾ respectforthedead–mosmaiorum(“traditionsofourancestors”)¾ patronage:patronii(“patrons”)vs.clientes(“clients”)¾ liberationfrommonarchy¾ law&equality¾ class struggle: patricii (“patricians”) vs. plebes (“plebeians”); optimates (“appeal toaristocraticrule”)vs.populares(“appealtopopularsupport”)¾ cursus honorum (“rank of honors”): censor, consul, praetor, quaestor, proconsules,propraetores; senatus / senatores; tribuni plebum (“tribunes of the plebs”); quaestiones(“courts”);comitiaeandconcilia(“assemblies”–military,“democratic,”etc.)¾ rolesforwomen,children,youngadults:genderedexpectationsValuesystems¾ fratricide&bloodshed¾ civitas(“citizenship”)andcives(“citizens”)¾ conquest:warfareanddiplomacy,aggressionandalliance;professionalarmy¾ sanctionfromthegods¾ expansion: strategic colonization; creation of provinciae (“provinces”) – provincialgovernors,taxation–interritories,monarchies,etc.¾ “Romanization,”assimilationofothercultures(esp.Greece)&foreigncult‐worship¾ dignitas (“dignity”), fides (“loyalty”), honor (“honor”), pietas (“piety), clementia(“clemency”)Economy¾ exploitationofnaturalandmanmaderesources¾ slave‐basedeconomy:latifundiae(“estates”)¾ trade:shippingtoeverycornerofempire,accesstoluxurygoods¾ majorcommodities:grain,wine,oil,silk,incense,spices,glass,metals¾ landreform:placatingthepoorandmilitaryveterans¾ equites(“equestrians”–businessclass)andpublicani(“publicans”–tax‐collectors)¾ professional army: careerism, conquest, extension of roads, construction of cities:auxiliarii(“auxiliaries”)vs.legionares(“legionnaires”)Notableindividualsanddates¾ Aeneid:Aeneas¾ 753:Romulus&Remus¾ 509:BrutusoverthrowsEtruscanrex(“king”)andestablishesrespublica(“republic”)¾ 300:conquestofItaly¾ 287:concordiaordinum(“harmonyoftheorders”)¾ 202:conquestofSicily:ScipioAfricanusvs.Hannibal¾ 196:“liberation”ofGreece¾ 167:conquestofAchaia,Greece¾ 146: destruction of Corinth (Greece) and Carthage (Libya) – Marcus Porcius Cato’sCarthagodelendaest(“Carthagemustbedestroyed”)¾ 133:conquestofSpainbyPubliusCorneliusScipioAfricanus¾ 133:AttalusIIIofPergamumbequeathskingdomtoRome¾ 133:socio‐economicrevolution:TiberiusSemproniusGracchusandGaiusGracchus¾ 108‐87:GaiusMarius¾ 90‐88:SocialWar–forcivitasinItaly¾ 89‐65:warsagainstMithridatesVIofPontus(BlackSea)¾ 90‐78:CorneliusSulla¾ 88:SullaseizesRome;MariusseizesRome(anddies)¾ 86:SullasacksAthens¾ 82:SullaseizesRomeagainandisproclaimeddictatorreipublicaeconstituendaecausa(“dictatorchargedwithestablishingtheRepublic”)¾ 84‐53:MarcusLiciniusCrassus(killedbytheParthiansatBattleofCarrhae)¾ 78‐44:GaiusIuliusCaesar(pacifiesGaul)¾ 70‐48:PompeiusMagnus(“PompeytheGreat”defeatsthepirates)¾ 63:CatilinarianConspiracy(LuciusSergiusCatilinavs.Cicero)¾ 59:FirstTriumvirate:Crassus,Pompey,Caesar¾ 49:crossingoftheRubiconandCivilWar;48:Pharsalus(PompeykilledinEgypt)¾ 70‐43:MarcusTulliusCicero¾ 44‐31:GaiusOctavius/Octavianus;MarcusAntonius(“MarkAntony”);Cleopatra¾