Cameras We Cannot Picture Ravi Athale The MITRE Corporation Outline History of Camera important milestones Modern milestones Invention of photographic film Invention of CCD semiconductor sensor New directions in camera design Cameras computers Future A world reliant on imaging You are probably carrying a camera right now It is likely you have been imaged at least once TODAY Have you received information today communicated by an image You or someone close to you is alive today because of an image 1 3 or brain processing devoted to vision 3 Images clockwise from upper left from US Govt Agencies NOAA NCEP NASA NIH FBI USAID Natural Observations Image courtesy of Steve took it on Flickr Images of the sun during a solar eclipse through the leaves of a tree October 3 2005 St Juliens Malta Wikipedia User Ellywa License CC BY SA This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license For more information see http ocw mit edu fairuse Historical Milestones Early Contributors 400 500 BC Chinese philosophers Aristotle Observation of pinhole images 1011 1012 Alhazan Book of Optics First scientific study of light combining philosophical aspect with experimental observations Constructed first pinhole camera Elaborated laws of reflection and refraction World s Largest Pinhole Camera July 2006 Six photographers captured an image measuring 8 5 X 32 meters of the decommissioned El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in Irvine Calif and unveiled the slightly fuzzy image Wednesday The black and white shot was recorded on a massive sheet of lightsensitive fabric about eight storey tall and one third the length of a football field The photographers began the project in order to memorialize the base which had been used for more than 50 years Since 2002 the team has been working on what it calls the Legacy Project a longterm photographic study of the base scheduled to be turned into a giant urban park Images from the Legacy Photo Project removed due to copyright restrictions See http www legacyphotoproject com Historical Milestones Optical Instruments I Spectacles first appeared in 1270 as visual aid even though their principle of operation was not well understood Spectacles are biologically inspired and a mechanical solution to a packaging problem Historical Milestones Optical Instruments II 1590 compound microscope Janssen first multi element optical instrument Image US HHS See http micro magnet fsu edu primer museum janssen html Within 20 years several new optical instruments were produced 1608 Lippershey telescope 1608 binocular 1609 Galilean telescope Earliest known illlustration of a telescope included in an August 1609 letter written by Giovanpattista della Porta http galileo rice edu images things porta sketch gif Historical Milestones Photography June July 1827 First permanent record Niepce 8 hour exposure Basically silver salt sensitive medium based on glass plate 1888 George Eastman Emulsion coated on a paper rolled You push the button we do the rest Eastman Kodak Company Brownie camera 1900 1 1935 Modern three color emulsion film Kodachrome 1945 Polaroid instant camera 30 second to 2 minutes First photograph Niepce First color photograph Maxwell 1888 Abraham Lincoln at Antietem Historical Milestones Electronic Recording 1908 Proposed using Cathode Ray Tube for sensing and displaying images 1925 50 Various tube designs with photocathodes photoconductors Farnsworth Zworykin 1969 Charge Coupled Device CCD invented at Bell Labs The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson an engineer at Eastman Kodak It used the thennew solid state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973 The camera weighed 8 pounds 3 6 kg recorded black and white images to a cassette tape had a resolution of 0 01 megapixels 10 000 pixels and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975 Historical Milestones Digital Camera Revolution 1981 SONY Mavica 0 25 Mpixel 1991 Kodak DCS 100 1 Mpixel 20 000 On June 11 1997 Philippe Kahn instantly shared the first pictures from the maternity ward where his daughter Sophie was born with more than 2000 family friends and associates around the world A sharing infrastructure and an integrated cell phone and camera combo augured the birth of instant visual communications 2006 Samsung introduces 10 Mpixel cell phone camera 22 June 2009 Kodak discontinues Kodachrome production Hendy s Law Empirical Observation Courtesy of Barry Hendry Wikipedia Derived from Kodak Commercial products in Australia 13 2006 The MITRE Corporation All rights reserved Picture Gallery http www dpreview com reviews specs sony sony fd73 asp Sony Mavica http www nikonweb com dcs100 Kodak DCS 100 http gizmodo com 206422 samsung sch b600 has a 10 megapixel camera inside Samsung SCHB600 http www letsgodigital org en 8687 omnivision camerachip ov6920 OmniVision OV6920 sensor 2 1 x 2 3 mm http www medigus com CAMERA 1 8 mm Camera aspx Medigus Introspicio Camera 1 8 mm 326x382 pixels Images removed due to copyright restrictions MIT OpenCourseWare http ocw mit edu MAS 531 MAS 131 Computational Camera and Photography Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit http ocw mit edu terms