About the CoverGeneral InformationPart A: Earthquakes, Convection, Plate Tectonics, and Igneous ActivityCourse PacketforGEOS 342: Concepts in Earth andSpace SciencesSpring Semester, 2010*Copyright © 2010 by Ann Bykerk-KauffmanDepartment of Geological and Environmental SciencesCalifornia State University, ChicoChico, CA 95929-0205* If you are not enrolled in this class during the Spring 2010 Semester, you have the wrong coursepacket. Please return it to the Association of Geological and Environmental Students (AGES) and exchange it for the correct lab manual for the correct semester. Thank you.About the CoverSource of the image: http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2001-000009.htmlImage #68-HC-870NASA Photo ID: AS08-14-2383 File Name: 10074963.jpgPhotographers: Crew of the Apollo 8 NASA mission to the moonDate of photograph: December 22, 1968Title of photograph: View of rising Earth about five degrees above the Lunar horizonExplanation: During the 1968 Christmas season Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders flew the Apollo 8 command module From the Earth to the Moon and back (launchedDec. 21, achieved 10 lunar orbits, landed Dec. 27). The Apollo 8 mission's impressive list of firsts includes; the first manned flight using the Saturn V rocket, the first humans to journey to the Earth's Moon, and the first to photograph the Earth from deep space. This view of the rising Earth greeted the Apollo 8 astronauts as they came from behind the Moon after the lunar orbit insertion burn. Earth is about five degrees above the horizon in the photo. The unnamed surface features in the foreground are near the eastern limb of the Moon as viewed from Earth. The lunar horizon is approximately 780 kilometers from the spacecraft. Width of the photographed area at the horizon is about 175 kilometers. On the Earth 240,000 miles away, the sunset terminator crosses Africa. The south pole is in the white area near the left end of the terminator. North and South America are under the clouds. The lunar surface probably has less pronounced color than indicated by this print. Food for Thought: Think about these questions.1. Why did the Earth look like a lop-sided football instead of a full circle?2. What were the relative positions of the sun, Earth and moon on December 22, 1968?3. On that same day (December 22, 1968), what did the moon look like from Earth (i.e. whatwas the phase of the moon?)4. Why is the South Pole “up?”5. From any one place on the moon, does Earth ever really “rise” or “set?”Table of ContentsGeneral InformationWho Makxs a Group a Succxss?................................................................................. GI– 1California Science Education Standards: Earth Science K–8...................................... GI– 3California Science Education Standards: Investigation and Experimentation K–8..... GI– 9List of Materials on Reserve in the Library ................................................................ GI– 13Descriptions of Moon Project Topics.......................................................................... GI– 15Part A: Earthquakes, Convection, Plate Tectonics, and Igneous ActivitySupplemental Readings: Supplemental Readings on Earthquakes.................................. A– 1Supplemental Readings on Plate Tectonics and Convection.... A– 7Homework Assignments: Homework #1: Earthquakes................................................... A– 13Homework #2: Plate Tectonics and Convection.................... A– 21Homework #3: Igneous Processes and Rocks....................... A– 31Lab Activities: Earthquakes............................................................................................ A– 39Density, Buoyancy and Convection........................................................ A– 47Igneous Processes................................................................................... A– 63Igneous Rocks........................................................................................ A– 69Lecture Notes: Earthquakes.............................................................................................. A– 75Convection and Plate Tectonics................................................................ A– 81Igneous Processes and Plate Tectonics..................................................... A– 85Practice Exam #1: Questions ........................................................................................... A– 89Answer Key ....................................................................................... A– 95Part B: The Rock Cycle............................................................................................... B– 1Supplemental Readings: Supplemental Readings on Minerals........................................... B– 3Homework Assignments: Homework #4: Minerals............................................................ B– 9Homework #5: Sedimentary Rocks........................................... B–17Homework #6: Completing the Rock Cycle............................. B–23Lab Activities: Minerals..................................................................................................... B–31Sedimentary Processes............................................................................... B–47Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks....................................................... B–55Field Trip to Bear Hole in Upper Bidwell Park......................................... B–61Lecture Notes: How Minerals are Formed........................................................................... B–73Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks....................................................... B–79Practice Exam #2: Questions .............................................................................................. B–83Answer Key .......................................................................................... B–99ip. ii Table of ContentsPart C: AstronomyHomework Assignments: Homework #7: The Moon......................................................... C– 1Homework #8: The Causes of the Seasons............................... C– 5Homework #9: Apparent Motions of the Heavens Due to Actual Motions of the Earth.............................................. C– 11Lab Activities: The Moon's Phases and Eclipses............................................................... C–17Planetarium Lab #1: Introduction to