Design Constraints For Engineering ProjectsProduct Design Constraints and RequirementsEffect of ConstraintsFunctional ConstraintsSafety ConstraintsQuality ConstraintsManufacturing ConstraintsTiming ConstraintsEconomic ConstraintsErgonomic ConstraintsEcological ConstraintsAesthetic ConstraintsLife-Cycle ConstraintsLegal/Ethical ConstraintsSummaryDesign ConstraintsFor Engineering ProjectsProduct Design Constraints and RequirementsDesign Engineers must consider a multitude of technical, economic, social, environmental, and political constraints when they design products and processes.There must be clear evidence in your design project that you have addressed the constraints that are relevant to your project.Effect of ConstraintsBetter DesignsDesign ChangesDesign ChangesConstraint LimitsFunctional Constraints•Overall Geometry – size, width, space, arrangement•Motion of parts – type, direction, velocities, acceleration, kinematics•Forces involved – load direction, magnitude, load, impact•Energy needed – heating, cooling, conversion, pressure•Materials to be used – flow, transport, properties•Control system – electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic•Information flow – inputs, outputs, form, displaySafety Constraints•Operational – direct, indirect, hazard elimination•Human – warnings, training•Environmental – land, sea, air, noise, light, radiation, reaction, transportQuality Constraints•Quality assurance – regulations, standards, codes•Quality control – inspection, testing, labeling•Reliability – design life, failures, statisticsManufacturing Constraints•Production of components – factory limitations, means of production, wastes•Purchase of components – supplier quality, reliability, quality control, inspection•Assembly – installation, foundations, bolting, welding•Transport – material handling, clearance, packagingTiming Constraints•Design schedule – project planning, project control•Development schedule – design detailing, compliance tests•Production schedule – manufacture, assembly, packing, transport•Delivery schedule – delivery date, distribution network, supply chainsEconomic Constraints•Marketing analysis – size of market, distribution, market segments•Design costs – design team computing, information retrieval•Development costs – design detailing, supplier costs, testing costs•Manufacturing cost - tooling, labor, overhead, assembly, inspection•Distribution costs - packing, transport, service centers, spare parts, warranty•Resources – time, budget, labor, capital, machines, material $Ergonomic Constraints•User needs – type of operation, instructions, warnings•Ergonomic design – man-machine relationships, operation, height, layout, comfort, lighting•Cybernetic design – controls, layout, clarity, interactionsEcological Constraints•General environmental impact – impact on natural resources, social resources•Sustainability – political and commercial consequences, implications for following generations•Material selection –solid, liquid, gas, stability, protection, toxicity•Working fluid selection – fluid, gas, flammability, toxicityAesthetic Constraints•Customer appeal – shape, color, texture, form, feel, smell, surprise and delight features•Fashion – culture, history, trends•Future expectations – rate of change in technology, trends, product familiesLife-Cycle Constraints•Distribution – means of transport, nature and conditions of dispatch, rules, regulations•Operation – quietness, wear, special uses, working environments•Maintenance – servicing intervals, inspection, exchange and repair, cleaning, diagnostics•Disposal – recycle, scrapLegal/Ethical Constraints•Regulations – OSHA, FAA, FDA•Ethics – public safety, health, welfare and integrity•Intellectual Property – patents, trademarks, copyrightsSummary•Think about CONSTRAINTS•Plan for them•Put them into the