Chapter 2Ancient Greece & RomeSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Middle AgesSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Decline of Feudal SystemDecline of Universalistic AuthorityWestphalia18th & 19th CenturiesMulti-Polar SystemThe 20th CenturyBipolar SystemSlide 17Slide 1821st CenturySlide 20Challenges to State AuthoritySecurityEconomic DisparityEconomyHuman RightsEnvironmentChapter 2The Evolution of World PoliticsAncient Greece & RomeTerritorial states: •Before states/nations•Based on leader or culture•Controlled territory but loyalty to leaderGreek City-States:•Created identity to location•Concept of citizenship bornAncient Greece & RomeSovereignty: •Aristotle’s Politics•Each Greek city-state had authority unto itselfAncient Greece & RomeNationalism:•Citizens identified strongly with their city-state (precursor to nationalism which is idea that holds that a nation has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared history and common destiny)Ancient Greece & RomeDemocracy:•First time people became source of authority•Idea of citizen participation•Roman tyranny and empire obliterated democracy and nationalism but idea livedMiddle AgesReligious authority: •Roman Catholic Church source of universalistic authority •Provided universal language—Latin•Christian doctrine was basis for ideas about rights, justice•Kings often subordinate to papal authority•Holy Roman EmpireMiddle AgesSecular Authority:•Over time, authority of church overturned•Multiethnic empires emerged•Monarchs argued authority came from God•Most lasted into the 20th centuryMiddle AgesLocal Authority:•Feudal system—local, micro-level authority•Organized around principalities, dukedoms, baronies, fiefdomsMiddle AgesLocal Authority (continued):•Nobles exercised sovereignty or authority•Sovereignty often disputed•Feudalism ends by 13th centuryDecline of Feudal System1. Military Technology: gunpowder; cannons; commoners could fight knights2. Economic Expansion: improved trade; larger ships; beginning of mass production (factories); created wealthy class; growth of political areas to support economyDecline of Universalistic Authority•Decline in papal authority•Increase in royalty•Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)•King Henry VII—created Anglican Church •Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ended centralized European power•Rise of the Sovereign StateWestphalia18th & 19th CenturiesMulti-polar system (1648-mid1900s)•Power poles: the major powers at any given time•Marked by shifting alliances designed to preserve a balance of powerMulti-Polar System•Industrialization and advances in weaponry and technology changed politics•Euro-American imperialism•Imperialist subjugation of Asians, Africans, and others by Europeans and Americans set the stage for two spheres: wealthy and poor (still exist)The 20th Century•Rapid pace of change critical•Monarchy taken over by democracy in the 1900s.•Nationalism (political term holds that a nation—usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture—has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared history and commonality)•Led to dissipation of multi-ethnic empireBipolar System•WWII bipolar system•United States and Soviet Union1.Cold War = issue of balance of power2.North Atlantic Treat Organization (NATO) resulted as did other regional alliancesBipolar System3. Both sent $$$ to various governments and rebel groups4. Outgrowth of containment = Viet Nam• Changed views•Signified crumbling of bipolar systemBipolar System5. End of History: Fall of the German wall and reunification of Germany21st Century•Development of Unipolar System: United States•Hegemonic power: The processes by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position•Dominance vs. balance on world stage•Limited unipolar system? How to measure?21st Century•Future of polarity? •Aggression and unilateral decisions may affect power structure•Growth of regional groups such as the European Union•Nonwestern countries have stronger voice (often struggle economically, less infrastructure, more instability)Challenges to State Authority•Fragmentation of state•Pressure to join•McWorld—political integration and economic interdependence and social integrationSecurity•September 11•Weapons of Mass Destruction•Regional organizations•Department of Homeland Security•Assymetrical warfareEconomic Disparity•North = economically developed countries (EDCs); mostly in Northern Hemisphere•South = less developed countries (LDCs); mostly southern hemisphere•Gross national product (GNP): The total market value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.Economy•Inter-dependence•International Corporations•Regulation?•Quality of Life•OutsourcingHuman Rights•Women’s rights, war crimes, etc.•International Criminal Court (ICC): The Hague, The Netherlands•Now, leaders discussEnvironment•Sustainable Development•Balance economic development with sustainable development•Pollution•Hot topic of the