What claims about knowledge is the researcher making?What clues in your article let you know ? Share examples… Is the researcher trying to see things from a distance or up close?Maxine Greene wrote:“To see things or people small, one chooses to see from a detached point of view, to watch behaviors from the perspective of a system, to be concerned with trends and tendencies rather than the intentionality and concreteness ofeveryday life…… To see things or people big, one must resist viewing otherhuman beings as mere objects or chess pieces and view them in their integrity and particularity instead. Once must see from the point of view of the participant in the midst of what is happening if one is to be privy to the plans people make, the initiatives they take, the uncertainties they face” (p10)1.Look at your research studies – is the researcher’s goal to see SMALL or to see BIG? How can you tell?1 Greene, M (1995) Releasing the ImaginationIs the researcher trying to test a theory that explains objective causes and effects e.g. “ …” ORIs the researcher building a theory based on subjective experiences constructed in social and historical contexts?e.g. “…..”Is the researcher trying to find one truth or multiple truths?ALTERNATIVE KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS POSITIONS 2POSTPOSITIVISM Theory verification- purpose of research is to test accuracy of theories.Determinism- Determine the cause(s) that influence outcomesReductionism - examine hypotheses and research questions by testing selected variables.Empirical observation and measurement- careful observation and measurement of an objective reality in the world. Aim to develop unbiased strategies for observations.CONSTRUCTIVISM Theory generation- purpose is to make sense of/ interpret data as a way to develop theory. Understanding multiple participant meanings- Seek answers to questions about how social experience is created and given meaning. Search for multiple meanings.Social and historical construction- How meaning is made is based on historical and social perspective (i.e it’s situated). Need to attend (i) to interactions among individuals; (ii) contexts in which live and work; and (iii) how researcher background shapes interpretation.PRAGMATISM ADVOCACY/PARTICIPATORY 2 Adapted from: Creswell in Khumwong, P (2004) “Research design: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods approach.” Retrieved 1/6/09 http://pirun.ku.ac.th/~g4686044/port/sem/research_design.doc; and fromGalt, K. (2008) “Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches to research and inquiry.” Retrieved 1/18/09 from http://spahp2.creighton.edu/OfficeOfResearch/documents/Faculty_Development/Presentations/Galt_SPAHP_Methods_Presentation_Sept_2008.ppt.Consequence of actions- Knowledge emerges out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than causes.Problem-centered - decide on how to investigate based on nature of the problemPluralistic- choose the methods based on the need rather than the world view (i.e. sometimes it’s necessary to see small and sometimes it’s necessary to see big).Real-world practice orientede.g. - How decide which schools to close?- What to do about the low literacy rates in certain schools?- How to deal with the achievement gap?- Political- Empowerment issue-oriented- Collaborative- Change-oriented “A systematic inquiry with the collaboration of those affected by the issue being studied for purposesof education and taking action or effecting change.” (Green, in Gillis, 2004)- http://www.incommunityresearch.org/research/smy.htmWhich position on the nature of knowledge and the purpose of research seems to best describe your study?What are the clues inform your answer?Here lie some of the main distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research.QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVEType of question? Type of question?- HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT- HYPOTHESIS TESTING- INDUCTIVE REASONING- DEDUCTIVE REASONING- DEVELOPS GROUNDED THEORY- PROVES--LOGICO DEDUCTIVE THEORY- DATA COLLECTED IN NATURAL SETTINGS- DATA COLLECTED IN CONTROLLED SETTING- KNOWLEDGE VIEWED AS HAVING NO ABSOLUTES, DYNAMIC, HUMAN INVENTION- KNOWLEDGE IS VIEWED AS ABSOLUTE, FIXED, THERE TO BE DISCOVEREDSince the assumptions and strategies for doing the research are different between qualitative and quantitative studies, thekinds of questions you pose when reading the research will be different. CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING TRUST ANDCONFIDENCE IN RESEARCH RESULTS Conventional Research Naturalistic ResearchInternal Validity - Did variations in the independent variable(s) produce a change in the dependent variable?Credibility -Will the methodology and its conduct produce findings that are believable and convincing?External Validity - Can the results of this investigation be generalized to other settings?Transferability - To what other contextually similar settings can these findings be applied?Reliability - Are the results consistent, repeatable, and predictable from one study to another?Dependability - Within reasonable limits, are the findings consistent with other similar studies?Objectivity - Are the events under study public and observable so as to allow agreement among investigators?Confirmability - Are both the process and the product of thedata collection and analysis auditable by an outside party? Adapted from Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.A beginning look at Generalizability & TransferabilityLook at the conclusions of your study. What kinds of generalizations are the researchers making? - Who else besides the subjects they studied are theydrawing conclusions about? -- Does that seem a reasonable generalization? Why? Why not?- What other contexts besides the one they have studied are they drawing conclusions about? – Doesthat seem a reasonable generalization? Why? Why not?Closing reflection:Take your 2nd article, the one you didn’t talk about today – identify the knowledge claim this study seems to be making – how you know. What kind of a study it is – qualitative/quantitative. How you know.Write what you learned today & what you are still wondering about.Due next week(Hand in at end of class.)Read 2 more articles and write annotations. Bring articles and annotations with you In class Peer critique articles and update annotations. - Identify if article is qualitative or quantitative?- To