Toward A TobaccoFree Society Why Do People Smoke Tobacco What is the History of Tobacco Smoking What are the Short Term and Long Term Health Risks of Tobacco Use How Does Environmental Smoke Affect Nonsmokers What are Some Methods to Stop Using Tobacco When Did Tobacco Use Begin Ancient Mayans 1000 BC were believed to use the tobacco plant for chewing and smoking The first European smoker was in 1452 AD Leading Health Indicator Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of disease and death in the United States Smoking results in more deaths each year in the United States than AIDS alcohol cocaine heroin homicide suicide motor vehicle crashes and fires combined Leading Causes of Death In 1997 What Kind of Drug is Nicotine At low doses it acts as a stimulant at higher doses it acts as a sedative does not cause a high but rather modulates emotions Stimulates the amplified release of three neurotransmitters dopamine epinephrine and norepinephrine The Synapse Psychological Factors In addition to the physical addiction we know to be associated w tobacco use there are also social forces which help maintain the habit Smoking a with a cup of coffee or after dinner or as a break or reward for studying These are all considered secondary reinforcers Genetic Factors Genes play a role in your decision to become a smoker One gene identified which actually prevents a person from smoking is CYP2A6 CYP2A6 causes slow metabolism of nicotine it stays in bloodstream longer causing nausea and dizziness when the person first experiences cigarette smoke Hence they are less likely to have a good experience less likely to continue to behavior Why Continue Pleasure Dependence Who Uses Tobacco RESEARCH SAYS that a child or adolescent will be more likely to use tobacco if A Parent or sibling uses tobacco B Child comes from a poor family C Family is headed by a Single Parent D Child performs poorly in school These are strongest factors others present Health Effects of Chewing Tobacco Leukoplakia a condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth produced by contact with irritants in tobacco juice Between 3 and 17 of diagnosed leukoplakia cases develop oral cancer Health Hazards of Smoking Smoke from an unfiltered cigarette contains 50 000 times more damaging chemical substances than polluted urban air Many are carcinogens or cocarcinogens Other compounds reduce the ability of the lung s capacity to fight infection macrophages become less effective Tobacco has been found to contain actual poisonsarsenic and hydrogen cyanide Smokers inhale Carbon Monoxide in concentration 400X stronger than considered safe CO displaces Oxygen in RBCs It also impairs visual acuity especially at night Why Do People Start Smoking Usually Peer Pressure Urge to grow up Parents or friends smoke Low self esteem Status seeking MOST PEOPLE START in TEENS RARELY do adults start this habit Short term Effects of Smoking Dizziness faintness rapid pulse cold and clammy skin nausea in a new smoker Feelings of tranquility depending on dosage Stimulation of the cerebral cortex and adrenal glands which release epinephrine also inhibition of urine formation Constriction of blood vessels elevated BP Depression of Hunger dulling of taste buds What are the LONGTERM Effects of Smoking Normal Vs Smoker s Lung After 25 Years 2 Packs Day Long Term Effects of Smoking 1 CVD smokers get more plaque accumulation which causes arteriosclerosis If a clot develops or plaque completely blocks off flow myocardial infarction Review pg 308 for details of how smoke does this Also Causes 1 Stroke 2 Aortic Aneurysm a bulge in the aorta caused by weakness in its walls and 3 Pulmonary Heart Disease A disease on the right side of the heart caused by changes in the blood vessels of the lungs Smoking and CVS Harms the CVS in several ways Nicotine is a CNS stimulant thereby increasing blood pressure and heart rate Carbon monoxide in smoke displaces oxygen in the blood and heart and other parts of body Smoking damages linings of arteries Contributes to unhealthy blood fat levels by reducing high density lipoproteins HDLs and raising triglycerides and LDLs Causes platelets to become sticky and Long term continued Lung Cancer and other cancers BENZO a PYRENE the carcinogen and its precise mechanism has been identified for mutation that triggers oncogenesis of lung cancer It mutates p53 gene Those who smoke 2 or more packs a day have a 12 25 X greater chance of lung cancer death Smoking has also been linked to cancers of esophagus larynx pancreas bladder breast cervix stomach liver colon and skin Remember How Cancer Develops and The Suppressors Lung Cancer Lag Time Between Smoking and Cancer Diagnosis Gas Exchange in Humans Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Via The Alveoli Oxygen from the alveolus enters the red blood cells and combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin HbO2 Cells give off Carbon Dioxide as a waste product They release CO2 into the blood It combine with hemoglobin and is then released to the alveoli for exhalation SO HOW GREAT is the Surface Area of Human Lung Alveoli If the surface area of the human alveoli were spread out flat it would cover an area of about 60 square meters about the size of two large parking spaces Normal Alveoli Vs Emphysema Emphysema Smoking is the primary cause of this disease The walls of the alveoli air sacs of the lungs lose their elasticity and are gradually destroyed They lose their ability to exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide The heart has to work harder and becomes enlarged hypertrophy Death often results from damaged heart Smoking Other Lung Diseases Chronic Bronchitis This is a persistent recurrent inflammation of the bronchial tubes that leads to excess secretion of mucus chronic cough Smokers with chronic bronchitis face a much greater risk of lung cancer Smokers Who Do Not Get Chronic Diseases May still have respiratory damage such as 1 Cilia lining the bronchial tubes no longer functions to sweep mucus to mouth Causes pronounced smoker s cough 2 Smoking makes macrophages less effective more prone to infections 3 Erectile dysfunction diminished physical senses and dental diseases TERATOGEN A chemical that causes a birth defects or slow embryonic development Smoking During Pregnancy The more a woman smokes the greater the risks to her baby On average a woman who smokes a pack a day during pregnancy will cut about half a pound from her baby s birth weight Low birth weight stillbirth