Cal Poly Pomona PHL 402 - Intellectual Autonomy and Right Reasoning --A Study of Critical Thinking

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Back to PHl402 Table of ContentIntellectual Autonomy and Right Reasoning--A Study of Critical Thinking John Zijiang DingCHAPTER I: Introduction1. What is Logic?2. What is Reasoning?3. What is Critical thinking?4. What is a Real Intellectual? CHAPTER II: Conceptualization1. Sentence, Statement and Propositiona. Types of Sentencesb. Simple Statement and Compound statement c. Factual Statement and Opinionative Statementd. Proposition2. Truth-Valuesa. Two Values b. Multi-values 5. Evidence and Judgment6. Argumenta. Premise and Conclusionb. Categorical Argument and Hypothetical Argumentc. Deductive Argument and Inductive Argumentd. Sound Argument, Unsound Argument, Valid Argument and Invalid Argumente. Syllogism 8. Inference9. Fallaciesa. Informal Fallaciesb. Formal Fallacies Summary ExercisesCHAPTER III: Language Clarification1. Definition a. Definition by Analysis, Definition by Synonym and Definition by Exampleb. Intensional Definition and Extensional Definition 2. Anti-ambiguitya. Semantic Ambiguityb. Syntactic Ambiguityc. Grouping Ambiguityd. Inconsistent Ambiguitye. Incomparable Ambiguity 3. Anti-vaguenessa. Informativenessb. Completeness4. Anti-distortion5. Anti-emotivisma. Positive Meaningb. Negative Meaningc. Neutral Meaning6. Anti-paradoxicalness7. Proper Interpretationa. Consistencyb. Precisenessc. Sufficiency Summary Exercises CHAPTER IV: Certainty and Creditability1. Authoritya. Political Authorityb. Religious Authorityc. Professional Authorityd. Family Authoritye. Sub-cultural Authorityf. Employer’s Authorityg. Organizational Authority 2. Certaintya. Descartes’ Skepticismb. Rational Examinationc. Calculation and Symbolization 3. Creditabilitya. Hume’s Skepticismb. Empirical Examinationc. The Acceptable, the Refutable and the unjustifiable4. Combination of Rationalism and Empiricism a. Kant’s Epistemological Revolution b. The Analytic and The Syntheticc. The A Prior and The A Posteriori Summary ExercisesCHAPTER VI: Anti-pseudoreasoning (1)1. Straw Man2. Red Herring3. False Dilemma4. Begging the Question5. Burden of Proof6. Appeal to Authority7. Appeal to Majority8. Appeal to Pity9. Appeal to Ignorance10. Appeal to Force11. Appeal to Winner12. Two Wrongs Make a Right13. Wishful Thinking14. Subjectivist Fallacies Summary ExercisesCHAPTERVII: Anti-pseudoreasoning (2)1. Ad Hominem2. Scare Tactics3. Appeal to Indignation4. Horse Laugh5. Slippery Slope6. Self-contradiction7. Peer Pressure8. Improper Analogy9. Improper Composition10. Improper Division11. Improper Comparison12. Improper Evidence13. Improper Questioning14. Improper Statistics Summary ExercisesCHAPTER VIII: Explanation1. Distinction of Argument and Explanationa. Premises and Explananans b. Conclusion and Explanandum2. Types of Explanationsa. Scientific Explanationb. Social Explanation SummaryExercisesCHAPTER IX: Truth Table and Logical Connectives1. Statement Letters and Statement Variables2. Truth-table for Negation 3. Truth-table for Conjunction 4. Truth-table for Disjunction5. Truth-table for Implication6. Truth-table for EquivalenceSummaryExercisesCHAPTER X: Symbolization and Formalization1. Statement Letters, Statement Variables and Statement Forms2. Symbolic Translationa. Five Connectives and Statement Letters b. Main Connectives and Sub-connectivesc. Parentheses, Brackets and Braces3. Statement Forms and Argument Forms4. Three Formsa. Tautologyb. Contingencyc. Contradictions5. Truth Functional Forms6. Assignment of Truth-values7. Axiom SystemsSummaryExercises CHAPTER XI: Soundness and Validity of Argument1. The Truth-table Methoda. Sound Argument and Unsound Argumentb. Valid Argument and Invalid argument2. The Short-cut MethodSummaryExercisesCHAPTER XII: Rules and Deduction1. Replacement Rulesa. Double Negationb. Commutationc. Association d. Distributione. De Morganf. Transpositiong. Implicationh. Exportationi. Equivalencej. Tautology2. Inference Rulesa. Conjunctionb. Simplificationc. Additiond. Disjunctive Syllogisme. Excluded-Middle Introductionf. Modus Ponensg. Modus Tollensh. Hypothetical Syllogismi. Constructive Dilemmaj. Destructive Dilemma3. Regular Proof4. Conditional Proof5. Indirect ProofSummaryExercisesAttachment AAttachment BAttachment CAttachment DAttachment EExercise


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Cal Poly Pomona PHL 402 - Intellectual Autonomy and Right Reasoning --A Study of Critical Thinking

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