PSYC 1100 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 11 Lecture 1 January 27 Our brain contains a set of grammatical rules that are second nature to us For example without the addition of thought we can pick up on grammatical discrepancies in language The brain can also pick up of real vs made up words automatically and the time it takes to determine the validity of a word depends on how frequently you hear it With regards to vision we physically see things such as color differently depending on the context Lecture 2 January 29 There are four definitions of psychology The science of mind and behavior The science of knowing and experiencing The science of experimental epistemology The science of things that move around on their own In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt funded the first laboratory dedicated to psychology separating it from philosophy for the first time In 1913 John Watson declared that psychology must only study behavior rather than mind because he said in order to be a science They must only study the observable This created six decades of dominance of Behaviorism in American psychology In 1967 Ulric Neisser published a textbook which outlined areas of study and presented a conscious view of the field Lecture 3 February 3 Rene Decartes said that the body is made from the physical word as well as the soul and the Pineal Gland is the place in the brain where the soul affects the physical body This lead to dualism two things physical and material interacting with each other and materialism all that exists in the world is physical matter Lecture 4 February 10 Epistemology is the philosophy of knowing knowledge Nativism your born with innate ideas Empiricism your born as a clean slate and experience is the source of knowledge Rationalism you learn by operation of mind Association you learn by connecting experiences in the world Lecture 5 February 12 A reflex is an automatic movement produced as the direct result of a stimulus A stimulus creates an action potential that is then transmitted The brain is not involved with a spinal reflex it happens with the spine however the signal does also go to the brain so the brain can inhibit prevent the reflex A neuron consists of Dendrites receives signals from many other neurons heavily branched around nucleus Axon sends neural impulses to other neurons extends outward from cell body Cell Body Soma contains the nucleus and is surrounded by dendrites Myelin Sheath layer surrounding the axon which provided insulation and helps signal transmit down the axon Terminal Endings the end of the neuron Synapse the space between two neurons Lecture 6 February 17 A nerve impulse is an action potential a change in voltage The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside do to Cl inside and NOT outside of the cell 1 Starts with an electrical RESTING POTENTIAL negative environment inside potential compared to the outside 2 Stimulation of neurons lets Na into neuron which makes the inside more positive 3 When enough Na get in neuron for the potential to be reduced to 55mV suddenly the ion gates to the cell membrane are flung open allowing Na to rush in 4 So much Na enters that the potential doesn t just go to 0mV it shoots all the way up to 40mV so the inside is now positive relative to the outside 5 Ion pumps work to reduce potential back to 70mV by pushing positive ions out K get pushed out because it goes faster than Na then another pump gradually puts Na back out and K back in Vesicles burst and release neurotransmitters into the synapse Receptor molecules are the keys opening the ion gates to allow Na inside Lecture 7 February 19 Neurotransmitters either open a gate to let the Na inside excitatory because the potential is getting smaller toward 55mV or they may open a gate that pushes positive K ions out inhibitory because the potential is getting larger ex 70 71 72 The central nervous includes brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system includes everything else The somatic division consists of nerve fibers connecting to muscles and senses The autonomic division regulates vital functions heart rate breathing digestion etc Sympathetic branch is when the body goes into its excited state The parasympathetic branch causes the body to go into an energy conserving state Parts of the brain a Hindbrain Medulla breathing heartbeat blood circulation Pons arousal and attention Cerebellum integration of muscles to perform fine movements b Midbrain forms movements into acts controls bodies response to visual auditory stimuli c Forebrain Thalamus sensory and motor relay center Hypothalamus controls response to basic needs Basal Ganglia regulates muscle contractions for smooth movements Limbic System memory hippocampus and emotion amygdala Cerebral Cortex or neocortex four lobes frontal parietal occipital temporal seat of higher intellectual function Lecture 8 February 24 The superior colliculus involves the visual center the substantia nigra is a deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain involved in metabolic disturbances Lecture 9 February 26 The cerebral cortex is a thin covering on the outer surface of the brain that constitutes 80 It consists if a very large sheet of tissue that is crumpled up and jammed into the limited space inside the skull and can be divided into two hemispheres which consist of four lobes Frontal Lobes Used in decision making Parietal Lobes Includes the primary sensory projection area Temporal Lobes Includes primary audio projection area Occipital Lobes Includes primary visual projection area Lecture 10 March 3 Pre Frontal Lesions loss of planning moral reasoning sensitivity to social context Apraxia failure in sequencing components of actions inability to organize movements Agnosia deficit in interpreting categorizing labeling knowing Neglect right hemisphere parietal damage causes inattention to whole left side Aphasia left hemisphere frontal or temporal damage causes deficits in language functioning o Expressive Aphasia cannot produce speech o Receptive Aphasia cannot understand speech and consequently cannot produce it Lecture 11 March 5 Glia influences neural connections shutting down the process of neural growth and increasing communication speed Reciprocal Inhibition is when nerves causing one muscle to contract simultaneously send an inhibitory message to the partnering muscle causing it to uncontract Habituation is the decline in an organism s response to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar