General Geology - GEOL 1113 Section 0052009 Exams, Syllabus, and GradingSome Expected Learning OutcomesGrades and GradingRequired TextChapter 1 Introduction to Physical GeologyWhy Study Geology?Slide 8Recent Southern California EarthquakesNorthridge Earthquake FactsSlide 11Northridge EarthquakeNorthridge AftershocksSlide 14Northridge Rupture ModelConvergent Margin Magma GenesisEruption of Mt. Pinatubo, June 15, 1991Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Alaska PipelineSlide 24Understanding our EnvironmentStable Oxygen IsotopesSea Level ChangesAn Overview of Physical Geology—Important ConceptsSome Heat Transfer MechanismsConvection ExamplesSlide 31Rayleigh-Benard ConvectionEarth StructureConvection in the MantleSlide 35Slide 36Earth’s PlatesSlide 38Convergent Margins and Magma GenesisMORB GenesisSubmarine Pillow Basalt FormationOcean Crust Age-Depth RelationsSimplified Geologic Time ScaleGeneral Geology - GEOL 1113Section 005 •Instructor: Dr. Glen S. Mattioli, Professor•Office: Ozark Hall 27B•Office Hours: MW 10:30-12:00 & TR 11:00-12:00•Office Phone: 575-7295•Class Web Page –http://comp.uark.edu/~mattioli/geol_1113.html•Email: [email protected] Exams, Syllabus, and GradingClass Purpose: To introduce undergraduate students to physical geology, Earth’s internal structure and materials, and Geologic Time. Emphasis will be on developing close connections between Earth materials and processes within a Plate Tectonic framework.Three Partial Examinations and Comprehensive FinalPart I - Rocks and Minerals: Thurs. Sept. 24thPart II - Geologic Time and Surface Processes: Thurs. Oct. 22ndPart III - Deformation, Earthquakes, & Earth Structure: Tues. Nov. 24thPart IV - The Big Picture: Tectonics & Orogenesis: Final OnlyFINAL - Monday, December 14th, 10:00 AM – 12:00 PMSome Expected Learning Outcomes• An understanding of geologic time and dating methods.• Development of skills to recognize major rock types, their constituent minerals, and their origin.• An appreciation of how the Scientific Method relates to the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics.• An introduction to the origin and distribution of natural resources.• An understanding of three-dimensional analysis of Earth structures (big and small), and the stresses that produce them along with how major landforms relate to geological processes.• An appreciation of origin of major geologic hazards and their impacts.Grades and GradingApproximate Cutoffs for Letter Grades >85% A71-85%B61-70%C50-60%D <50% FPhysical Geology, 12th ed.Charles C. PlummerCalifornia State University at SacramentoDiane H. CarlsonCalifornia State University at SacramentoThe Late David McGearyEmeritus of California State University at SacramentoCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Required TextNB that any edition of Plummer et al. from 10-12 will be OKChapter 1Introduction toPhysical GeologyWhy Study Geology?•Mitigating Geologic Hazards–Earthquakes–Volcanoes•Supplying Things We Need–Metals–Minerals–Petroleum•Protecting the Environment–Water cycle–Global Change: Warming and Sea level rise•Understanding Our Surroundings–The Earth’s relationship to other planets–Geological TimeLos Angeles BasinRecent Southern California EarthquakesNorthridge (94) San Fernando (71) Sierra Madre (91)Whitter Narrorws (87) Long Beach (33)From: http://www.scecdc.scec.org/labasin.htmlTIME: January 17, 1994 4:30:55 am PSTLOCATION: 34° 12.80' N, 118° 32.22'W;20 miles west-northwest of Los Angeles1 mile south-southwest of NorthridgeMAGNITUDE: MW 6.7TYPE OF FAULTING: blind thrustFAULT INVOLVED: Northridge Thrust (also known as the Pico Thrust)DEPTH: 18.4 kmNorthridge Earthquake FactsNorthridge CA earthquakeJan. 17, 1994,Northridge EarthquakeNorthridge AftershocksOriginal AVS animation by Ian Sammis and Damien Sullivan.Northridge Rupture ModelWald, David J., Heaton, Thomas H., and Hudnut, K.W. The Slip History of the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake Determined From Strong-Motion, Teleseismic,GPS, and Leveling Data, Special Northridge Earthquake Issue of the Bull. of the Seismo. Soc. of AmericaConvergent Margin Magma GenesisEruption of Mt. Pinatubo, June 15, 1991Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat Dome collapse pyroclastic flowsPhoto credit: D. WilliamsPlymouth, Montserrat - Destroyed by pyroclastic flows in 1996/7Photo credit: G. MattioliAutomobiles - Always Thirsty for Gas!Source: http://www.wtrg.com/oil_graphs/oilprice1947.gifAlaska PipelineUniversity of ArkansasGeoscience Graduates vs Oil Price1938 - 2005010203040506070801938194019421944194619481950195219541956195819601962196419661968197019721974197619781980198219841986198819901992199419961998200020022004Number of "First Degree" Geoscience Graduates per Year$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80World Oil Price Annual Average in 2004 US DollarsNote: Oil Prices from WTRG Economics (www.wtrg.com) and Graduate numbers from University of ArkansasUnderstanding our Environment• Global change through time• Stable Oxygen Isotope record – Earth’s climate has varied considerably over geological time• Sea Level Rise• Related to retreat of the last continental glaciers\ The Ice Age – new warmer climate makes the Earth more hospitable for humans• Atmospheric temperature rise now also contributing to additional rise in sea level – how will this impact coastal cities?Stable Oxygen Isotopes18O‰ = [(Rsample - Rstandard)/Rstandard] x 1000Sea Level ChangesAn Overview of Physical Geology—Important Concepts•Internal Processes: How the Earth’s Internal Heat Engine Works•The Earth’s Interior•The Theory of Plate Tectonics•Surface Processes: The Earth’s External Heat Engine - the SunSome Heat Transfer Mechanisms•Conduction - requires direct physical contact - slow; generally associated with solids•Convection - temperature gradient causes a density gradient and results in flow - faster; generally associated with fluids (liquids and gases)•Advection - transfer of heat and mass - fluid flow through cracks; can be fast•Radiation - Direct heating via EM waves without any requirement of mass along path - fastestConvection ExamplesRayleigh-Benard ConvectionEarth StructureConvection in the Mantleconvection in the mantlemodelsobserved heat flowwarm: near ridgescold: over cratonsfrom: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270from: