BIOPSYCH 0505 Edition 1nd Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Lee Boot effect II Whitten effect A Some evidence that it occurs in humans 1 Martha McClintalk III Bruce effect A Vandenbergh effect IV Ventromedial Nucleus A Hormone in the hypothalamus that regulates female sexual behaviors B Lordosis V Sexual disorders A Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome 1 Mutation of an androgen receptor gene 2 Case of Katie 3 Andrenogrenital syndrome Outline of Current Lecture Addictions and reinforcements I II III Intracranial Self Stimulation A Olsen and Miller professor and student B Neal Miller Rewarding Effects of Drugs A Positive reinforcement B Negative reinforcement C Dose response curve Tolerance A Tolerance B What causes the decrease in tolerance C Metabolic tolerance D Functional tolerance E Segale F Conditioned tolerance Current Lecture Addictions and reinforcements These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute I Intracranial Self Stimulation A Olsen and Milner professor and student 1 Discovered the pleasure center of the brain 2 Looked at the reticular formation and compared whether increasing activity in the reticular formation helped the rats go through the maze faster and it did A Neal Miller 1 Found that rats responded negatively to the brain stimulation but he was proved wrong because the rats did not stay away from the room that shocked them 2 One rat that kept going back and it had stimulation in the hypothalamus the rat kept wanting to be stimulated 3 Dopamine in the hypothalamus is connected to addiction II Rewarding Effects of Drugs A Positive reinforcement feeling high relaxed and having good feelings which rewards the drug taking B Negative reinforcement trying to remove something unpleasant for example drinking alcohol when depressed C Dose response curve 1 Measures the effect of the drug and its relation to dosage 2 Drugs are at some point negatively reinforced and the user develops tolerance 3 The person continues taking the drug to prevent withdraw symptoms to arise III Tolerance A Tolerance 1 Shift to the right in the dose response curve 2 In tolerant subjects the same does has less of an effect and a greater dose is required to produce the same effect B What causes the decrease in tolerance 1 Drug exposure leads to the development of adaptive neural changes that produce tolerance by counteracting the drug effect 2 With no drug to counteract them the neural adaptations produce withdrawal effects opposite of the effect of the drug C Metabolic tolerance 1 Develops in the liver liver produces enzymes which break down chemicals similar to drugs as it tries to metabolize the drug 2 With time the liver creates more enzymes to break down the drug and becomes more efficient in processing the drug D Functional tolerance 1 Reduction in the reactivity of target sites in the central nervous system and in other organs 2 Causes a down regulation of receptors and if the cell detects too much of the drug it will adjust and adapt E Segale 1 Scientist who wanted to see how tolerance developed in a controlled experimental setting 2 Tried to track changes in behavior with the hot plate test putting the rat onto a hot plate and you see how long it takes for the rat to notice the heat F Conditioned tolerance 1 Decrease in body temperature after rats consumed alcohol 1 When you take a drug again and again your body is going to kick in mechanisms to shift your body in the opposite direction so that there is no reaction to the drug
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