MIT ICATMIT ICATAir Cargo: Industry Overview and Recent TrendsDr. Peter P. BelobabaFebruary 2003MIT ICATMIT ICATLecture Outline• Air Cargo Industry– Types of air cargo and air cargo carriers– Largest air cargo carriers• Demand for Air Cargo Services– Drivers of air cargo growth– Constraints on growth• Recent Trends in Air Cargo– Traffic and tariffs– Industry structure– Impacts of recent recession and 9/11MIT ICATMIT ICATAir Cargo Industry• Air Cargo Categories– Express/time definite: small packages (less than 100 lb.)– Heavyweight freight shipments (greater than 100 lb.)– Mail transportParticipants:• All-Cargo Airlines– Integrated Express Carriers (express/small packages; door to door service)– Non-integrated Freight Carriers (heavyweight freight shipments; work with freight forwarders, etc.)• Passenger (Combination) Airlines– Can carry air freight, express packages and mail in passenger aircraft belly or on “combi” aircraft– Also can have dedicated freight aircraftMIT ICATMIT ICATTop Air Cargo Airlines Worldwide in 2000 Total Freight and Mail (Int’l + Domestic)Carrier Ton-miles (millions)1. Federal Express 7,4662. Lufthansa German Airlines 4,9953. Singapore Airlines 4,1884. Korean Air 3,8735. Air France 3,5536. Japan Air Lines 3,2267. United Airlines 3,1538. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 2,969Source: Aviation and Aerospace Almanac 2002MIT ICATMIT ICATTop U.S. Air Cargo Airlines in 2001 Total Freight and Mail (Int’l + Domestic)Carrier Ton-miles (millions)1. Federal Express 7,5652. UPS Airlines 4,0813. United Airlines 1,9194. Northwest Airlines 1,9185. American Airlines 1,8136. Delta Airlines 1,2697. Atlas Air 1,0728. Polar Air Cargo 892Source: ATA Annual Report 2002MIT ICATMIT ICATSelected Cargo Carriers 2001 (Source: ATA)15.5 %$ 8822,512132KLM7.5 %$ 7152,161440Northwest4.3 %$ 7042,390543United96.6 %$ 2,6244,094258UPS Air45.8 %$ 6,9487,609320FedEx% of Operating RevenueAir Cargo Revenue ($ million)Air Cargo Ton-miles (millions)Number of AircraftCarrierMIT ICATMIT ICATDemand for Air Cargo Services• Like demand for passenger air travel, demand for air cargo shipment is a “derived” demand.• Primary drivers of air cargo demand include:– Economic growth and trade (especially imports/exports)– Relative prices of air cargo versus alternatives – ocean, truck, rail• Difficult to quantify demand/supply accurately:– No comprehensive sources of data on air cargo traffic and pricing– Lack of published schedule data (unlike passenger airlines)– Vertically integrated air cargo operators (like Fedex and UPS) only publish limited schedules for selected flights– All-cargo carriers tend to operate flexibly based on daily/weekly demands– Combination carriers provide joint supply of cargo and passengercapacityMIT ICATMIT ICATDrivers of Air Cargo Growth in 1990s• Overall economic growth (especially world trade)– Historically, 2 to 2.5% increase in world trade with each 1% increase in total GDP– Air freight trade has been growing even faster, due to regional differences in economic growth– Since 1993, average 7-10% annual growth in world air freight traffic• Globalization– Increasingly integrated and interdependent national economies– Liberalized (free) trade and reduced protectionism• Lean Inventory Strategies– Reduced order-cycle times: “just in time” and “make to order”– Less stock on hand to avoid production shutdowns, retail stockouts– Air freight shortens delivery times to customerMIT ICATMIT ICATGrowth of Air Freight (Source: ATA 2002)MIT ICATMIT ICATRelationship to GDP Growth (Source: ATA)MIT ICATMIT ICATConstraints on Air Cargo Growth• Economic recession– Reduced production, demand for goods, international trade• Trade barriers– Tariffs or protectionism designed to limit free trade• Aircraft regulations– Air cargo operators have used older aircraft that are most affected by new regulations on noise, emissions and safety– For example, noise hush-kits reduce cargo payloads• Modal competition– Air freight has tremendous speed advantage for long distances, but is highest-cost option– Trucks very competitive for short haul (1000 miles, overnight)– Development of new “fast ships” for ocean cargoMIT ICATMIT ICATModal Market Shares (Source: ATA)MIT ICATMIT ICATRecent Trends in Air Cargo• Rapid growth in demand for air cargo– Intra-Asia is the largest true air freight market– Even during Asian economic crisis air freight traffic grew– Forecasts for continued traffic growth at 6% per year• Falling real yields (revenue per ton-mile)– Average 2.5% decline in yields (CPI adjusted)– Growth in international trade has increased trip length, associated with lower tariffs per mile– Wide-body aircraft have unused belly capacity, viewed by passenger airlines as virtually “costless”• Passenger airlines have become price leaders in air freight– Regulatory liberalization has spurred price competition• Lower tariffs further stimulate demand, but also cause airlines to focus on lowering unit costsMIT ICATMIT ICATWide-body Aircraft Trends (Source: ATA)MIT ICATMIT ICATTrends in Air Cargo (cont’d)• Integrator expansion– Integrated express carriers own air and ground assets to handle entire shipment journey– Fedex and UPS, facing competition and decreasing yields in express documents, expanded to international markets– With limited international small package growth, carry standard air freight (airport to airport) as “filler”– Trying to develop products for higher-yield industrial traffic• Consolidation of freight forwarders– Non-integrated carriers receive majority of traffic from freight forwarders – FFs handle retail marketing and pick-up/delivery– Number of mid-sized freight forwarders has been shrinking, leaving largest operators and niche competitorsMIT ICATMIT ICATTotal Air Cargo 2000-02 (Source: ATA)Total Cargo Revenue Ton Miles1,5001,7001,9002,1002,3002,500Janu ary Febru ary M arch April M ay Jun e Jul y Au gu st September October Nov ember DecemberMilli ons2000 2001 2002MIT ICATMIT ICATFreight and Express 2000-02 (Source: ATA)Freight & Express Revenue Ton Miles1,5001,6001,7001,8001,9002,0002,1002,200Ja nuary Fe bruary M arc h April M a y Ju ne July August Se ptember October November Dece mberMillions2000 2001 2002MIT ICATMIT