John Tomlinson GEO 3502: Quiz 1 Study Guide 2/03/2014I. Know the Schools of Geographic Thought.1. Location Theory:- Logical Positivism: Emphasizes scientific method to analyze economic landscapes Evaluation is based primarily on predictions- Spatial Integration and Spatial Interaction: Transport networks- Models to Understand Economic and Demographic Phenomena: Image of the entrepreneur as “Homo Economicus”- Critiques: Emphasizes form at the expense of process Silent about historical context, class, gender, ethnicity, struggle, power, and conflict Fails to capture the richness of political and social life2. Behavioral Geographers:- Challenge simplistic view of economic behavior- Identify the complex ways that people perceive, acquire, and cognitively interpret spatial information.- Introduce: Imperfect information Uncertainty Suboptimal behavior Greater realism 3. Political Economy:- Includes both Political and Economic Realms Economics – allocation of resources Politics – struggle for power- The economy is more than the sum of its parts- Political economists dismiss the notion of the “free market”- Landscapes are the product of changing SOCIAL RELATIONS of power and wealth4. Post-Structuralist Geographers:- The ‘Cultural Turn’ Social discourses shape reality Emphasizes language and signification- The economy is always already embedded within a culture Consumption is just as important as production There is no single, objective, unbiased view of the world, only multiple, partial perspectiveso Randomness and complexity preempts total coherenceJohn Tomlinson GEO 3502: Quiz 1 Study Guide 2/03/2014II. From the Book, know what the current regime under Regulation Theory is. 1. (Many see) Neoliberalism as a new mode of regulation in which market-based, rather than state-mediated, solutions are sought for problems of economic management (Box 3.1, p. 63)- The neoliberalism regime of Regulation Theory succeeded the Fordism (incorporated a 3-way balance between the interests of corporations, organized labor, and governments) regime that was dominant up until the 1970s.III. Know the Four Pillars of the modern economy along with the definitions that were presented for all but Technology.1. Markets: - Any place where the sellers of a particular good or service can meet with the buyers of that good and service where there is potential for a transaction to take place. The buyers must have something to offer, or exchange, for there to be a potential transaction. 2. Industry: - Three of the many definitions of Industry Commercial production and sale of goods A specific branch of manufacture and trade The sector of an economy made up of manufacturing enterprises3. Technology:- Technology works to drive the growth of industry. It has been a drivingforce behind shifts in production. 4. Capital:- Three definitions for Capital Wealth in the form of money or property, used or accumulated in a business by a person, partnership, or corporation Material wealth used or available for use in production of more wealth Human resources considered in terms of their contributions to an economy IV. From the book, know the particulars of the Divisions of Labor.1. Divisions of Labor: all essentially refer to the separation of roles in the process of production and in society at large. - Technical Division of Labor: differentiation of specific tasks in a production process, so that individual people contribute just one small part to the larger goal. - Social Division of Labor: can refer to the different industrial sectors ofan economy such as retail, manufacturing, banking, shipping, and so on, but it can also imply the division of society into different classes ofpeople.John Tomlinson GEO 3502: Quiz 1 Study Guide 2/03/2014 There are classes that own firms, or occupy highly privileged position within them, and there are those who are paid to contribute their labor to such firms. - Gender Divisions of Labor: occur within households as certain tasks tend to fall to men or to women, but it is also evident in society at large, as certain forms of waged employment become associated with masculinity or femininity. - Ethnic Divisions of Labor: are apparent where ethnic or racial groups are concentrated in particular lines of work. These may arise out of choice, to some context, but are more likelythe product of current or historical forces of exclusion by the state or by a majority population. - Spatial Divisions of Labor: arise where particular types of economic activity or production tasks are concentrated in specific geographical areas. For example, head offices might be concentrated in capital cities, manufacturing in other urban centers, and mining in the resource-rich periphery of a country. International Division of Labor: is an example of a spatial division of labor at a larger spatial scale, whereby countries specialize in particular kinds of activity. o In the Colonial era this typically involved extracting resources from colonized foreign territories for manufacturing sectors in the colonial metropolitan core. New International Division of Labor: refers to the restructuring of this arrangement, so that manufacturing is now increasingly carriedout in places that were once colonial peripheries. V. Identify the Four Development Systems discussed in class lectures. 1. Development Theory: - A conglomeration of theories about how desirable change in society is best to be achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social scientificdisciplines and approaches. - These theories all rely on economics and economic differences as the basis for the theory. - Every country is unique and should find a way to adapt in the global system by understanding the way the global system works.- Rostow’s Model – 5 Stages of Economic Development: Stage 1: Traditional Societyo Subsistence, barter, agriculture Stage 2: Transitional Stageo Specialization, surpluses, infrastructure Stage 3: Take Offo Industrialization, growing investment, regional growth, political changeJohn Tomlinson GEO 3502: Quiz 1 Study Guide 2/03/2014 Stage 4: Drive to Maturityo Diversification, innovation, less reliance on imports, investment Stage 5: High Mass Consumptiono Consumer oriented, durable goods flourish, service sector becomes dominant2. Modernization Theory: - An evolutionary
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