Page 1Page 2Page 3Page 4SDU_15Page 5Page 6Page 7Page 8Page 9SDU_18Page 10citeas\(\(Cite as: 150 F.Supp.2d 585, *589\)SDU_19Page 11Page 12Page 13Page 14Page 15Page 16Page 17Page 18Page 19Page 20Page 21Page 22Page 23Page 24Page 25Page 26Page 27Page 28Page 29Page 30Page 31Page 32Page 33Page 34Page 35Page 36Page 37UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSFOR THE SECOND CIRCUITAugust Term, 2001Argued: March 14, 2002 Decided: October 1, 2002Docket Nos. 01-7860(L), 01-7870(CON), 01-7872(CON)_________________________________________ CHRISTOPHER SPECHT, JOHN GIBSON, MICHAEL FAGAN, SEAN KELLY, MARKGRUBER, and SHERRY WEINDORF, individually and on behalf of all others similarlysituated, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v.NETSCAPE COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION and AMERICA ONLINE, INC., Defendants-Appellants.__________________________________________Before: McLAUGHLIN, LEVAL, and SOTOMAYOR, Circuit Judges.Plaintiffs in this action brought suit, individually and on behalf of all otherssimilarly situated, against a provider of computer software programs and its corporate parent,alleging that a “plug-in” software program, created by defendants to facilitate Internet use andmade available on defendants’ website for free downloading, invaded plaintiffs’ privacy byclandestinely transmitting personal information to the software provider when plaintiffsemployed the plug-in program to browse the Internet. Defendants moved to compel arbitrationand to stay court proceedings, arguing that plaintiffs’ claims were subject to an arbitrationprovision contained in license terms that plaintiffs allegedly had accepted when they downloadedthe plug-in program. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York(Alvin K. Hellerstein, J.) denied the motion. We affirm, holding that (1) plaintiffs neither2received reasonable notice of the existence of the license terms nor manifested unambiguousassent to those terms before acting on the webpage’s invitation to download the plug-in program;(2) plaintiffs’ claims relating to the plug-in program are not subject to a separate arbitrationagreement contained in license terms governing use of defendants’ Internet browser software;and (3) the legal doctrine that requires nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement to arbitratewhen they have received a direct benefit under a contract containing the arbitration agreementdoes not apply to a website owner who allegedly benefited when users employing the plug-inprogram downloaded files from the website.Affirmed. ROGER W. YOERGES, Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, Washington,DC (Patrick J. Carome, Joseph R. Profaizer, Darrin A.Hostetler, Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, Washington, DC, onthe brief; David C. Goldberg, America Online, Inc., Dulles,VA, of counsel), for Defendants-Appellants. . JOSHUA N. RUBIN, Abbey Gardy, LLP, New York, NY (Jill S.Abrams, Courtney E. Lynch, Richard B. Margolies, AbbeyGardy, LLP, New York, NY, on the brief; James V.Bashian, Law Offices of James V. Bashian, New York, NY;George G. Mahfood, Leesfield, Leighton, Rubio &Mahfood, Miami, FL, of counsel), for Plaintiffs-Appellees. SOTOMAYOR, Circuit Judge:This is an appeal from a judgment of the Southern District of New York denying amotion by defendants-appellants Netscape Communications Corporation and its corporate parent,America Online, Inc. (collectively, “defendants” or “Netscape”), to compel arbitration and to staycourt proceedings. In order to resolve the central question of arbitrability presented here, wemust address issues of contract formation in cyberspace. Principally, we are asked to determine3whether plaintiffs-appellees (“plaintiffs”), by acting upon defendants’ invitation to download freesoftware made available on defendants’ webpage, agreed to be bound by the software’s licenseterms (which included the arbitration clause at issue), even though plaintiffs could not havelearned of the existence of those terms unless, prior to executing the download, they had scrolleddown the webpage to a screen located below the download button. We agree with the districtcourt that a reasonably prudent Internet user in circumstances such as these would not haveknown or learned of the existence of the license terms before responding to defendants’invitation to download the free software, and that defendants therefore did not provide reasonablenotice of the license terms. In consequence, plaintiffs’ bare act of downloading the software didnot unambiguously manifest assent to the arbitration provision contained in the license terms.We also agree with the district court that plaintiffs’ claims relating to the softwareat issue—a “plug-in” program entitled SmartDownload (“SmartDownload” or “the plug-inprogram”), offered by Netscape to enhance the functioning of the separate browser programcalled Netscape Communicator (“Communicator” or “the browser program”)—are not subject toan arbitration agreement contained in the license terms governing the use of Communicator. Finally, we conclude that the district court properly rejected defendants’ argument that plaintiffwebsite owner Christopher Specht, though not a party to any Netscape license agreement, isnevertheless required to arbitrate his claims concerning SmartDownload because he allegedlybenefited directly under SmartDownload’s license agreement. Defendants’ theory that Spechtbenefited whenever visitors employing SmartDownload downloaded certain files made availableon his website is simply too tenuous and speculative to justify application of the legal doctrinethat requires a nonparty to an arbitration agreement to arbitrate if he or she has received a direct1 Although the district court did not consolidate these three cases, it noted that its opiniondenying the motion to compel arbitration and to stay court proceedings “appl[ied] equally to allthree cases.” Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp., 150 F. Supp. 2d 585, 587 n.1(S.D.N.Y. 2001). On August 10, 2001, this Court consolidated the appeals.2 Netscape’s website defines “plug-ins” as “software programs that extend the capabilitiesof the Netscape Browser in a specific way—giving you, for example, the ability to play audiosamples or view video movies from within your browser.” (http://wp.netscape.com/plugins/)SmartDownload purportedly made it easier for users of browser programs like Communicator todownload files from the Internet without losing their progress
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