Name Earth and Planetary Sciences 5 Final Exam May 12, 2010 Name:________________________________________________ Teaching Fellow:_______________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS • PUT YOUR NAME ON EACH PAGE. • The exam will last 3 hours. • Complete the problems directly on the exam. • Extra paper is available if needed. • Please show ALL your work so partial credit can be given! • Neatness is appreciated. Scoring: Problem Score Multiple Choice _____ / 24 Southern California _____ / 24 Nitrogen Cycle _____ / 12 Ocean Carbon Chemistry _____ / 12 Stratospheric Chemistry _____ / 24 Tropospheric Chemistry _____ / 24 TOTAL SCORE _____ / 120 !Name Section I: Multiple choice questions. Circle the best answer. (1 point each) 1. Greenhouse gases like CO2 warm the surface of the Earth by: a. Reflecting incoming shortwave radiation from the sun. b. Reflecting outgoing longwave radiation from the Earth. c. Absorbing and re-radiating incoming shortwave radiation from the sun. d. Absorbing and re-radiating outgoing longwave radiation from the Earth. 2. Radiation emitted by the Earth peaks at a different wavelength than radiation emitted by the sun because: a. The Earth and the sun emit at different temperatures. b. The Earth and the sun have different gravitational acceleration. c. The Earth is a perfect blackbody and the sun isn’t. d. The Earth’s atmosphere has greenhouse gases that change the wavelength of emission. 3. Which of the following describes the land-sea breeze during the daytime? a. Warmer temperatures over sea, greater scale height over land, flow from sea to land aloft, flow from land to sea at the surface b. Warmer temperatures over land, smaller scale height over land, flow from sea to land aloft, flow from land to sea at the surface c. Warmer temperatures over land, smaller scale height over sea, flow from land to sea aloft, flow from sea to land at the surface d. Warmer temperatures over land, greater scale height over sea, flow from land to sea aloft, flow from sea to land at the surface 4. The following figure shows the infrared emission spectrum of the Earth measured by a satellite over the Mediterranean Sea. Based on this figure, what is the approximate temperature at the surface of the Mediterranean? a. 220 K b. 260 K c. 280 K d. We can’t tell from this figure.Name 5. An object with POSITIVE buoyancy (net force on it is up): I. Has a smaller volume than the volume of fluid it displaces (VOBJECT < VDISPLACED) II. Has a lower density than the density of fluid it displaces (ρOBJECT < ρDISPLACED) III. Has a smaller weight than the weight of fluid it displaces (ρOBJECT* VOBJECT *g < ρDISPLACED*VDISPLACED*g) a. II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III 6. If an atmosphere has a scale height of 7.4 km and a surface pressure of 1000 hPa, what is the pressure at an altitude of 5.0 km? a. 230 hPa b. 510 hPa c. 1000 hPa d. 2000 hPa 7. Transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean results in a decrease in the concentration of dissolved ______ with a corresponding change of the ocean water to more ________ conditions. a. CO32-; acidic b. CO32-; basic c. HCO3-; acidic d. HCO3-; basic 8. Which of the following is closest to the natural pH of seawater? a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 9. What is the dominant form of inorganic carbon in the ocean? a. CO2(g) b. CO2(aq) c. CO32- d. HCO3- 10. Which of the following is the correct definition of the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium reaction HSO3- ↔ SO32- + H+? a. K = k[HSO3-] b. K = k[SO32-][H+] c. K = [HSO3-]/([SO32-][H2O]) d. K = ([SO32-][H+])/[HSO3-]Name 11. Roughly what percentage of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion remains in the atmosphere? a. 1% b. 10% c. 50% d. 90% 12. Which of the following are true of the biosphere? I. It provides a pathway for nitrogen fixation II. It can serve as a sink of CO2 III. It can serve as a source of CO2 a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III 13. Which of the following constitute odd oxygen? I. O II. O2 III. O3 a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III 14. Which reactions are predominantly responsible for the production of odd oxygen in the stratosphere? a. NOx catalytic cycling b. ClOx catalytic cycling from CFCs c. HOx catalytic cycling d. Chapman mechanism 15. What constitutes the major species of the family of NOx radicals? a. NO & NO3 b. NO & NO2 c. NO, NO2, & HNO3 d. NO, NO2, NO3, & N2O 16. Absorption by ozone in the stratosphere prevents most radiation of this type from making it to the surface: a. UV b. Visible c. Infrared d. MicrowaveName 17. Which of the following would not constitute an initiation step in a ClOx radical reaction chain? a. ClO + HO2 → HCl + O3 b. HCl + O → Cl + OH c. Cl2 + O → ClO + Cl d. ClOOCl + hν → ClOO + Cl 18. Which is the correct chronology of the Antarctic ozone hole? a. ClNO3 and HCl reservoir formation; PSC destruction; Cl2 production; ClOx production; O3 destruction; PSC formation; Polar Sunrise b. ClNO3 and HCl reservoir formation; PSC formation; Cl2 production; Polar Sunrise; ClOx production; O3 destruction; PSC destruction c. ClNO3 and HCl reservoir destruction; PSC formation; Polar Sunrise; Cl2 production; ClOx production; O3 destruction; PSC formation d. ClNO3 and HCl reservoir formation; Polar Sunrise; PSC destruction; Cl2 production; ClOx destruction; O3 destruction; PSC formation 19. A major sink of HOx radicals is the self reaction of HO2 to form hydrogen peroxide: 2HO2 → H2O2 + O2 ; k What is the rate of H2O2 production? a. 0.5 k [ HO2 ]2 b. k [ HO2 ]2 c. 2 k [ HO2 ]2 d. 2 k [ HO2 ] 20. Circle the gases that contribute to acidification of rainwater below pH 5 (you may select more than one). a. CH4 b. H2SO4 c. NH3 d. HNO3 e. OH 21. If we are emitting 16 x 1011 molec cm-2 s-1 of NOx and 2 x 1011 cm-2 s-1 atoms of hydrocarbon C, in which air pollution regime are we located? a. NOx-limited b. HOx-limited c. VOC-limited d. Impossible to tellName 22. Which of the following correctly orders the EM spectrum from most energetic to least energetic photons? a. UV, IR, Visible b. UV, Visible, IR c. IR, UV, Visible d. IR, Visible, UV e. Visible, IR, UV f. Visible, UV, IR 23. Where would you expect the largest VOC source? a. Phoenix, AZ b. Anchorage, AK c. Charlotte, NC