• How we feel changes how we think– Good model of broad influences & factors• Shallow vs. Deep processing (e.g. Lissetti)• Importance of counterfactual reasoning• Focus on threats • But Abstract• Doesn’t address specifics: e.g. what is a threat, what is shallow inference• Doesn’t focus on why we feel– Primarily studied by “incidental influences”• i.e. emotions that come from outside a task, e.g.. mood induction• Because easy to controlEmotion and Cognition(Review)Why we feel (I)• Certain stimuli are “intrinsically” emotional– Emphasis of Neurophysiological research• Involve shallow, reflexive reasoning• Could be leaned• Thinking is essentially equated to perception or categorizationWhy we feel (I)• Certain stimuli are “intrinsically” emotional– Emphasis of Neurophysiological research• Involve shallow, reflexive reasoning• Could be leaned• Thinking is essentially equated to perception or categorization– fingerWhy we feel (I)• Certain stimuli are “intrinsically” emotional– Emphasis of Neurophysiological research• Involve shallow, reflexive reasoning• Could be leaned• Thinking is essentially equated to perception or categorization• But doesn’t explain the emotions that arise from complex (social) situations– Dealing with a difficult co-worker– Rumination– Anger at the war in IraqWhy we feel (2)• How we think changes how we feel– Psychological research (e.g. Appraisal Theory)• Emphasizes more complex cognitive and social judgments– Goals, social norms, social & physical causality• Primarily studied through self report• Growing interest in emotion evoking “games” (Wang talk)• But abstract– Appraisal theory emphasizes goals and judgments but doesn’t provide detailed information processing account of how events related to goals and judgmentsGoal• Create a unified computational account that “explains” how emotions arise from our interpretation of situations and how this emotional response impacts future thinking• Don’t require domain expert to provide interpretation: system should derive interpretation from state of world and actions it can take in environment.• Start with appraisal theory– Suitable to AI perspective• Emphasizes goals, plans, judgments, utiltiliy, probability(act on world) (act on beliefs)Appraisal VariablesCopingStrategyActionTendencies“Affect”PhysiologicalResponseAppraisal Coping Appraisal TheorySmith and Lazarus91 cognitive-motivational-emotive systemProblem-FocusedEmotion-FocusedEnvironmentGoals/Beliefs/IntentionsDesirabilityExpectednessControllabilityCausal Attribution(act on world) (act on beliefs)Appraisal VariablesActionTendencies“Affect”PhysiologicalResponseAppraisal Appraisal TheorySmith and Lazarus91 cognitive-motivational-emotive systemProblem-FocusedEmotion-FocusedEnvironmentGoals/Beliefs/IntentionsDesirabilityExpectednessControlabilityCausal AttributionTake actionSeek supportForm/drop goalForm/drop beliefForm/drop intentionCopingAppraisal• Describe relationship with environment• Characterize via 7±2 appraisal variables– Desirability– Likelihood – Urgency– Unexpectedness– Causal attribution (causality, agency, coercion, blame)– Coping potential (controllability, adaptability)• Superset of criteria considered by intel systems– Decision theory: desirability, likelihood– Scheduling: desirability, urgency• Motivated response to emotional stressor• Problem-focused (act on the world)– Action execution–Planning– Seek information– Seek instrumental social support• Analogous to:– Deliberative or reactive problem solving– TeamworkCoping Strategies• Motivated response to emotional stressor• Emotion-focused (act on representation)– Avoidance– Denial– Shift blame– Distancing• Not typically considered by intelligent systems– More than a decision (e.g. abandon current plan)• Provides self-justification for why• Related to motivational / explanatory coherence • Leads to persistent change in behavioCoping StrategiesAppraisal Theory as architectural specification• Provides high-level requirements• How do we map this into an architecture – How do we represent the person-environment relation?– How do appraisal processes operate over this representation? – What is the relation between the processes of• Appraisal• Cognition• Coping– How do these interactions interact/unfold over time?But a broad specificationAPPRAISAL• Desirability: is it good or bad if some event comes to pass The utility may be intrinsic (snakes are bad)• Likelihood: how probable is the outcome of the event. • Expectedness: was the outcome anticipated, explainable?• Causal attribution: who deserves credit or blame. • Controllability: alterable by actions under agent’s control?• Changeability: alterable by some other causal agent?But a broad specificationCOPING:• Action:• Planning:• Seek instrumental support: • Procrastination:• Positive reinterpretation:• Acceptance:• Mental disengagement:• Shift blame:• Seek/suppress information:Planning Perception Dialogue ActionCausal Interpretation of events, beliefs, desires, intentionsCognitive Operations / InferenceEMA Model of Appraisal and CopingReinterpret Appraisal theory from “AI/agent perspective”Past EventsFuture ExpectationsPresent BeliefsPlanning Perception Dialogue ActionCausal Interpretation of events, beliefs, desires, intentionsCognitive Operations / InferenceHealthyEMA Model of Appraisal and CopingReinterpret Appraisal theory from “AI/agent perspective”Past EventsFuture ExpectationsPresent BeliefsPlanning Perception Dialogue ActionCausal Interpretation of events, beliefs, desires, intentionsCognitive Operations / InferenceHealthyPlanned AttackIntend: FalseBlame: ?Treat victimsDesire(Doc)=80Belief: FalseProbability: 75%Run ClinicActor: DocIntend: TrueHave SuppliesEMA Model of Appraisal and CopingReinterpret Appraisal theory from “AI/agent perspective”Stay NeutralPast EventsFuture ExpectationsPresent BeliefsModeling Appraisal & Coping• Appraisal as evaluation of the causal interpretation– Define appraisal variables in terms of features of interpretation– Fast, automatic• Coping as operators that suggest ways to change interpretation– Sequential, deliberate, mediated by focus of attention– Problem-focused Æ Take Action, Make Plans– Emotion-focused• Denial/Wishful Thinking Æ Change