Slide 1Uses of DatabasesA Sample DatabaseSimple University DatabaseQuery ToolReporting ToolClass List ReportThe Integrated Database EnvironmentExample of Integrated Database EnvironmentIntegrated Database EnvironmentPeople in Integrated Database EnvironmentSlide 12Advantages of Integrated DatabasesDisadvantages of DatabasesBrief History of Information Systems -1Slide 16Brief History of Information Systems - 2Brief History of Information Systems-3Brief History of Information Systems-4CSC 3800 Database Management SystemsTime: 1:30 to 2:20 Meeting Days: MWF Location: Oxendine 1237BTextbook: Databases Illuminated, Author: Catherine M. Ricardo, 2004, Jones & Bartlett PublishersFall 2009Chapter OneIntroductory Database ConceptsDr. Chuck LillieUses of DatabasesUses of DatabasesUsed in large and small organizations. Examples◦Consumer websites—ordering products◦Customer service websites – e.g. utility, health insurance, telephone service providers◦Online banking◦Credit card companies◦Supermarkets and retail stores, including inventory control systems◦Airline reservations◦Medical records and billing◦Employment records◦School records◦Bibliographic databasesA Sample DatabaseA Sample DatabaseSimple University databaseNeed to keep information about◦Students◦Classes◦Professors◦Enrollment-links students to their classesExample uses Microsoft AccessData represented as tablesSee Figure 1.1Simple University Simple University DatabaseDatabaseStudentstuIdlastNamefirstNamemajor creditsS1001 Smith Tom History 90S1002 Chin Ann Math 36S1005 Lee Perry History 3S1010 Burns Edward Art 63S1013 McCarthy Owen Math 0S1015 Jones Mary Math 42S1020 Rivera Jane CSC 15Figure 1.1(a) The Student TableFacultyfacId name department rankF101 Adams Art ProfessorF105 Tanaka CSC InstructorF110 Byrne Math AssistantF115 Smith History AssociateF221 Smith CSC ProfessorFigure 1.1(c) The Class TableFigure 1.1(b) The Faculty TableClassclassNumberfacId schedule roomART103A F101 MWF9 H221CSC201A F105 TuThF10 M110CSC203A F105 MThF12 M110HST205A F115 MWF11 H221MTH101B F110 MTuTh9 H225MTH103C F110 MWF11 H225EnrollstuId classNumber gradeS1001 ART103A AS1001 HST205A CS1002 ART103A DS1002 CSC201A FS1002 MTH103C BS1010 ART103AS1010 MTH103CS1020 CSC201A BS1020 MTH101B AFigure 1.1(d) The Enroll Table•Each row of Student table represents one student•Each row of Class table represents one class•Each row of Enroll represents relationship between one student and one classQuery ToolQuery ToolMicrosoft Access has a simple tool for forming and executing queriesQuery: Find the names of all students enrolled in ART103A Need to use Enroll table and Student table, since Enroll does not have namesFigure 1.2 shows query resultQuery1lastName firstNameSmith TomChin AnnBurns EdwardFigure 1.2 Results of the query “Find names of all students enrolled in ART103A”Reporting ToolReporting ToolMicrosoft Access has a report generatorExample: Print a report showing each class number, the ID and name of the faculty member teaching the class, and the IDs and names of all the students in that classFigure 1.3 shows the reportClass List ReportClass List ReportClass ListsclassNumber facId name stuId lastName firstNameART103A F101 AdamsS1001 Smith TomS1002 Chin AnnS1010 Burns EdwardCSC201A F105 TanakaS1002 Chin AnnS1020 Rivera JaneHST205A F115 SmithS1001 Smith TomMTH101B F110 ByrneS1020 Rivera JaneMTH103C F110 ByrneS1002 Chin AnnS1010 Burns Edward8Figure 1.3 Class Lists ReportThe Integrated Database The Integrated Database EnvironmentEnvironmentDatabase◦Large repository of data◦Shared resource, used by many departments and applications◦Contains several different record types◦“knows” about relationships in data◦Managed by database administrator - DBADBMS, Database Management System◦Controls access to database◦Has facilities toSet up database structureLoad the dataRetrieve requested data and format it for usersHide sensitive dataAccept and perform updatesHandle concurrencyPerform backup and recovery … and many other functions…UsersApplicationsExample of Integrated Example of Integrated Database EnvironmentDatabase EnvironmentSee Figure 1.4◦University database◦DBMS - may be Access, Oracle, DB2,…◦Users may be individuals on workstations (interactive users) or application programs◦Both users and applications go through DBMS◦Applications produce standard output, such as reportsIntegrated Database EnvironmentIntegrated Database EnvironmentStudent DataClass DataFaculty DataEnroll DataDBMSStudent SchedulingFacultySchedulingPayrollIndividualStudent SchedulesClassListsFinal FacultySchedulesPaychecks &PaystubsPayrollReportInteractiveUsersDATABASE DBMS APPLICATION OUTPUTFigure 1.4 The Integrated Database EnvironmentPeople in Integrated Database People in Integrated Database EnvironmentEnvironmentEnd users ◦Casual users use query language◦Naïve users use programs◦Secondary users use database outputApplications programmers – write programs for other usersDatabase administrator (DBA) – designs, creates, maintains the databaseSee Figure 1.5End UsersNaiveCasualUsers UsersApplicationProgrammersDatabaseAdministratorPrewrittenProgramsInteractiveQueryLanguagePrograms in Java, C, C++, C#, RPG, COBOL…Containingcalls to DBMSCommands to create and modify database structureDatabase Management System DatabaseFigure 1.5 Roles in the Database EnvironmentAdvantages of Integrated Advantages of Integrated DatabasesDatabasesCompared with file systems, database can provide ◦Sharing of data◦Control of redundancy◦Data consistency◦Improved data standards◦Better data security◦Improved data integrity◦Balancing of conflicting requirements◦Faster development of new applications◦Better data accessibility◦Economy of scale◦More control of concurrency◦Better backup and recovery proceduresDisadvantages of Disadvantages of DatabasesDatabasesCompared with file systems, databases have some disadvantages◦High cost of DBMS◦Higher hardware costs◦Higher programming costs◦High conversion costs◦Slower processing of some applications◦Increased vulnerability◦More difficult recoveryBrief History of Information Brief History of Information Systems -1Systems -1Early human records-clay tablets, hieroglyphics, cave paintings, paper records of family histories, treaties, inventories, and so onHollerith used