X-Ray Diffraction: Determining the distance between planes of atoms X-rays and atoms Orders of diffraction Bragg’s LawUsing X-Ray Diffraction: Bragg’s LawSlide 3Slide 4Concentration UnitsSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16X-Ray Diffraction: Determining the distance between planes of atomsX-rays and atomsOrders of diffractionBragg’s LawUsing X-Ray Diffraction: Bragg’s LawPlatinum metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with one atom per lattice point. Monochromatic X-radiation from a Mo target has a wavelength of 71.07 pm. If this radiation is used in a diffraction experiment with a platinum crystal, a second order diffracted beam is observed at a theta value of 10.43°. If the spacing between these planes corresponds to the unit cell length (d = a), what is the d-spacing between the planes that gave rise to this reflection?Chapter 13: Mixtures: solutions, complex mixtures, colligative propertiesChapter 13: Colligative Properties: Properties of the solvent that change upon dissolutionVapor pressureBoiling pointFreezing pointOsmotic pressure***Key #1: This all involves solute particles “blocking” molecules fromleaving the liquid state:***Key# 2: It does not matter what the solute is, just how many particles (molecules or ions are present)Concentration UnitsMolarityMolalityMole FractionWeight PercentppmppbColligative Propreties: Properties of the solvent that change upon dissolutionVapor Pressure of water at 20 oC is 20.1 mm Hg. What is the pressure of 100 g water mixed with 100 g ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2?Distillation: Changing the composition of a mixture of volatile liquidsVapor Pressures at 50 oCWater 99 mm HgEthanol 232 mmHgDistill a 10% alcohol solution.Freezing and Boiling Point Changes & Phase DiagramsBoiling Point Elevation: An extension of Vapor Pressure LoweringBoiling Point ElevationFreezing Point DepressionEffect of Ions: Tfp = Kfpmi i = van’t Hoff factorVan’t Hoff factors:NH3KClCaCl2FeBr3Which is better at melting ice, per gram, NaCl or