Overview of Energy and MetabolismSlide 2Slide 3Three Basic Uses of Nutrients Absorbed by the Digestive SystemALL Living Things from Bacteria to Humans Conduct METABOLISMTwo Basic Kinds of Chemical Reactions found in Biological SystemMetabolic Turnover and Cellular ATP ProductionCarbohydrate MetabolismSummary of Glucose MetabolismSummary of GluconeogenesisATP production from CarbohydratesPowerPoint PresentationSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Overview of the Kreb’s CycleSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Overview of Electron Transport SystemSummary of ATP ProductionProtein MetabolismLipid MetabolismOverview of the Role of the Liver in Lipid MetabolismSummary of the Interconnection Between Tissues and Metabolistic ReactionsMetabolic Overview: The Absorptive StateMetabolic overview: the Postabsorptive StateOverview of Energy and Metabolism1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and Nucleic Acids), are our only source of energy for doing the biological work of cells.2. All molecules (nutrient molecules included) have stored (potential) energy in the bonds between their atoms.3. The energy the runs most biological Systems on earth comes from solar energy4. Plants trap solar energy via the metabolic reactions of Photosynthesis by producing these moleculesOverview of Energy and MetabolismTermsCalorie: basic unit of measurement of energy in biological system. Indicated by a “c”In human metabolism Calorie is really kilocalorie or 1,000 calories. Indicated by a “C”This calorie “C” is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature to 1 kg of water 1 degree C.The Caloric needs of most organisms is measured as Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)Overview of Energy and MetabolismTermsBMR is the minimum resting energy expenditures by an awake alert person Average BMR: 70 C/hr or 1680 C/dayIf we assume that average amounts of carbohydrates, lipid, and proteins are being catabolized we can calculate a ratio of 4.825 “C” per liter of O2 consumed.BMR in influence by age, gender, physical condition, body weight, and genes.Three Basic Uses of Nutrients Absorbed by the Digestive System1. Energy for immediate use by cells to conduct their normal Metabolic processes (Muscle contraction, secretions, active transport)2. Synthesize structural or functional molecules to repair and replace cells.(Mitosis and Cytokinesis)3. Storage as glycogen or fat for later use as energy (nutrient reserves)ALL Living Things from Bacteria to Humans Conduct METABOLISMMetabolism is the ability to acquire and use energy from the environment.Metabolic processes are all the chemical reactions that occur in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.Two Kinds of Metabolic Reactions:1. Catabolism = breakdown of large molecules into simple ones to produce energy. (release energy)2. Anabolism = build large molecules from simple molecules. (requires energy input)Two Basic Kinds of Chemical Reactions found in Biological SystemMetabolic Turnover and Cellular ATP ProductionCarbohydrate MetabolismAmino acid synthesis: Convert pyruvic Acid into an Amino Acid requires a transaminationTransamination: Pyruvic Acid + NH3 Amino AcidGlycogenesis: glucose glycogen Lipogenesis: glucose TriglycerideGlycogenolysis: glycogen glucoseGluconeogenesis: lactic acid, amino acids, or triglycerides glucoseSummary of Glucose MetabolismSummary of GluconeogenesisATP production from CarbohydratesGlycolysis Substrates required: Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 2 NAD+Intermediate Reactants: Glucose-6-phosphate, Fructose-1,6 bisphosphateProducts: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid2 ATP2 NADHOverview of Cellular respirationATP production from CarbohydratesFormation of Acetyl-CoASubstrates required: 2 Pyruvic Acid2 NAD+2 Coenzyme AProducts: 2 Acetyl-CoA2 NADH2 CO2Overview of Cellular respirationATP production from CarbohydratesKreb’s cycleSubstrates required: 2 Oxaloacetic Acid2 Acetyl-CoA6 NAD+2 FAD2 GDPIntermediate Reactants: Citric AcidATP production from CarbohydratesKreb’s cycleProducts: 2 Oxaloacetic Acid6 NADH2 FADH22 GTP4 CO2Overview of the Kreb’s CycleATP production from CarbohydratesEelectron Transport ChainA series of Oxidative Phosphorylation reactionsOxidation = the removal of electrons from a molecule and results in a decrease in the energy content of the molecule. Because most biological reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. Reduction = the opposite of oxidation; the addition of electrons to a molecule, and results in an increase in the energy content of the molecule.Overview of Cellular respirationATP production from CarbohydratesElectron Transport ChainSubstrates required: 10 NADH2 FADH6 O2Products: 32 ATP6 H20Overview of Electron Transport SystemSummary of ATP ProductionProtein MetabolismDeamination: removal of the amino group (NH2) leaving a acetyl moleculeTransamination: Adding an animo group to pyruvic acid to produce any of the nonessential amino acidsProtein Synthesis: Production of protein molecule using an RNA model.Protein catabolism: breaking down a protein into individual Amino Acids.Lipid Metabolism•Lipoproteins: surrounding triglycerides with apoproteins to make them more transportable in water–Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)–Low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s)–High-density lipoprteins (HDL’s)Lipolysis: break down lipidsBeta Oxidation: breaking a fatty acid into 2 carbon compoundsLipogenesis: formation of lipids from non-lipidsOverview of the Role of the Liver in Lipid MetabolismSummary of the Interconnection Between Tissues and Metabolistic ReactionsMetabolic Overview: The Absorptive StateMetabolic overview: the Postabsorptive