Survey of Music Literature: 20th Century Study SheetSurvey of Music Literature: 20th Century Study Sheet1. c 1890-1910 Post-Romantic era2. Post-Romanticism was a movement primarily in Italy, Germany and Austria. 3. Wagner was a big influence on both Post-Romantic and Impressionist composers.4. Richard Strauss was a German Post-Romanticist.5. Gustav Mahler was a Viennese Post-Romanticist.6. Giacomo Puccini was an Italian Post-Romanticist.7. France country which spawned the movement developed by painters who tried to capture their “first impression” of a subject through use of light and color.8. Impressionism characterized by exotic scales, unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, rich orchestral color and free rhythm, generally cast in small-scale programmatic forms9. Expressionism art should express the subconscious (the 'inner necessity') unfettered by the conscious10. Claude Debussy the most important French Impressionist composer 11. Maurice Ravel another important French composer of the Impressionist style12. atonality having no tonal center13. polymeter simultaneous use of more than one meter14. polyrhythm simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns15. polychords simultaneous use of 2 or more chords16. polytonality simultaneous use of 2 or more keys17. polyharmony simultaneous use of 2 or more complete sets of harmony18. The Rite of Spring re-creates pagan rites of ancient Russia19. Igor Stravinsky Russian composer whose ballets brought him early success20. Neoclassicism early 20th century attempt to rid music of the imagery favored in Romantic music and to return to absolute music, emphasizing craftsmanship, balance, and control.21. serialism compositional technique using a set arrangement of the 12 chromatic tones called a tone row22. Second Viennese School composers Schoenberg and his students, Berg and Webern23. Arnold Schoenberg a composer influenced by the German Expressionists and whose serial method of composition revolutionized 20th century composition24. Sprechstimme literally “spoken voice”, a vocal technique in which melody is spoken rather than sung on exact pitches and in strict rhythm25. klangfarbenmelodie literally “tone color melody”, each note of a melody is played by a different instrument26. Wozzeck an atonal opera written by Alban Berg27. Les Six 6 French composers who composed following the example of Erik Satie28. Russian school post-Romantic Nationalistic composers which included Rachmaninoff, Scriabin,Prokofiev and Shostakovich29. English school Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten30. German school Paul Hindemith and Carl Orff31. Kodaly collected Hungarian folk songs and was a major influence in music education32. ethonomusicology the comparative study of musics of the world, music as an aspect of culture,and the music of oral tradition33. Bela Bartok drew from his study of Eastern European folk music and dance to compose in a unique and particularly rhythmic style 34. Charles Ives an innovative American composer who composed in a modern style using elements of the music of his New England childhood35. Nadia Boulanger French music teacher of Copland and many other significant composers36. Aaron Copland popular American composer inspired by songs of the Old West and by Mexican dance music; his most popular works were his ballets and orchestral works37. Silvestre Revueltas nationalistic composer of Mexico38. total serialism extending the tone-row principle beyond pitch only – to durations, dynamics, timbres, registers, intervals, etc.39. aleatoric music in which elements are left to chance or choice40. microtonal music utilizing intervals smaller than semitones41. Milton Babbitt an American composer; the first to apply serialism to elements other than pitch42. Pierre Boulez the most important composer of the French avant-garde43. John Cage experimental composer who pushed the envelope of indeterminacy44. indeterminacy chance music45. musique concrete composition utilizing the recording and manipulation of natural sounds46. electronische Musik compositions using electronically generated sounds47. midi musical instrument digital interface48. New Romanticism a trend of some 20th century composers to make their music more accessibleto audiences by using appealing melodies, regular rhythms, lush harmonies, and rich orchestral colors along with current trends49. minimalism music stripped down to the bare essentials in order to concentrate the listener’s attention on a few basic details; uses repetition with very little variation50. prepared piano a piano whose sound has been altered by inserting material such as bolts, rubber, cloth, and paper between the strings; invented by John CageAlso, be able to identify the composers and selections below from the CD recordings:1. Debussy: Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun”2. Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, Part II Glorification of the Chosen One3. Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, Part II Evocation of the Ancestors4. Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, Part II Ritual Action of the Ancestors5. Schoenberg: Pierre lunaire No. 18, The Moonfleck6. Bartok: Interrupted Intermezzo, from Concerto for Orchestra7. Copland: Billy the Kid, Scene 1, Street in a Frontier Town8. Revueltas: Homenaje a Federico Garcia Lorca, third movement, Son9. Crumb, Ancient Voices of Children10. Ligeti, Disorder, from Etudes for Piano, Book I11. Lansky, Notjustmoreidlechatter, excerpt12. Tower, For the Uncommon Woman13. Part, Cantate Domino canticum novum14. Adams, Roadrunner, from Chamber