eml4450L4 missing.pdfEML4450L4.pdfSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSustainable Energy: The Solar StrategySustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterEnergy and PowerEnergy (in joules) = Force (in newtons) x Distance (in meters)Power (in watt) = Rate at which energy is converted from one form to the other ( in joules per second)Example: 100 watt light bulb is converting 100 joules of energy into light each secondPower used in a given period is generally used as a measure of energy - kWh1 kWh = 1000 x 3600 = 3.6 x 106Joules (i.e. 3.6 MJ)1 Million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) = 41.9 x 1015Joules (i.e. 41.9 PJ)kWh= kW x capacity factor x 365 x 24 - Annual conversion Exa - 1018;Peta -1015; Tera - 1012; Giga - 109; Mega - 1061 TW = 31.54 EJ/yearUseful conversion tables at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/convert.htmlSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterTaxonomy of Sustainable Development GoalsAdapted from National Research Council, 1999Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterPrimary Energy Consumption per CapitaElectricityHeatTransportOne Tone of Oil Equivalent = 11,639 kWhSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSource: World Energy Council, Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems CommitteePopulation Without ElectricitySustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterGlobal Electricity Production16 TWhSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterGrowth in Electricity Demand2001 2010 2015 2020 202502,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000Billion KilowatthoursIndustrialized EE/FSU DevelopingHistory ProjectionsTotal:~ 14 TWh 24 TWh Typical home electricity use in USA = 9000 kWh/yearSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterUS Energy NeedSource: Transforming the electricity infrastructure by Gellings & Yeager, Physics Today, December 2004.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterAverage Customer Load in kWh/yearState Residential Commercial: small/mediumCommercial: LargeFlorida 13,806 81,344 817,951California 6,528 64,240 520,152Michigan 7,788 74,756 2,480,151Minnesota 9,333 85,583 3,963,724New York 6,532 65,638 2,472,830Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterPer Capita Energy UseSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterPer Capita Electricity ConsumptionPotential energy savingsSource: Daniel Kammen, UC Berkeley, ER 100 Lecture 1, Fall 2005Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterFlorida Energy UseSource: Florida’s Energy Future, DEP, January, 2004Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterFlorida Electricity GenerationSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterWood=1.25Wood=1.25Coal =1.08Oil =0.84Gas =0.64Carbon Intensity of18501900195020001.21.00.80.61.10.70.90.5tc/toetones of carbon / tones of oil equivalentCarbon IntensitySource: Daniel Kammen, UC Berkeley, ER 100 Lecture 3, Fall 2005Global emissions are 16 gC/MJ and global use is 420 EJ 7 GT (C)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterEnergy Intensity: quantity of energy required per unit output (e.g. GDP)Energy Efficiency: a given level of service is provided with reduced amounts of energyEfficiency improvements in processes and equipment can contribute to decreases in energy intensity.Energy Intensity & EfficiencySustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterThis chart shows the energy required to generate $1000 of GDP. A downward slope with time reflects increasing energy efficiency. As this chart illustrates, there are still significant opportunities for efficiency gains in developing nations. But OECD nations are also expected to be increasingly efficient due to the introduction and use of new technologies in a wide variety of applications including personal transportation.Energy IntensitySource: exxonmobil.com/corporate/citizenshipSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterUS Efficiency ImprovementSince 1990, savings > $170 billion annuallySource: Daniel Kammen, UC Berkeley, ER 100 Lecture 2, Fall 2005Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterWorld Sources and Uses Of EnergyElectricityLiquid FuelsSpace HeatingSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterEnergy Market ShareWorld use: 10 TW (US: 3 TW) -2004World use: 30 TW -2050 (projected ?)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterChanging Energy Mix1 EJ= 278 TWhSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CentercoalGlobal Energy Systems TransitionSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSustainable Energy Source:One that is not substantially depleted by continuous useDoes not entail significant pollutant emissions or other environmental problemsDoes not involve the perpetuation of substantial health hazards or social injusticesOnly a few energy sources come close to this idealRenewable Energy Sources:Generally more sustainable than fossil or nuclear fuels Essentially inexhaustible Their use entails lower emissions of greenhouse gases or other pollutants Fewer health hazardsSustainable Energy SourcePrincipal source of renewable energy is solar radiationSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterElectricity supply, wo05000100001500020000250001990199520002005201020152020202520302035204020452050TWh/yNuclearFossil totHydroSolarWindbSustainable Energy VisionSource: Sustainable energy vision 2050, Gunnar Boye Olesen, INFORSE-Europe coordinator, Gl. Kirkevej 56, DK 8530 Hjortshoej, Denmark, email [email protected]. Rio 2002Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterOrigin of Renewable Energy FlowsSolar radiation (incoming short wavelength): 5.44 x 106 EJ/yearShort wavelength radiation direct reflection to space: ~ 30%Energy cycle without anthropogenic interference. The energy flows are in TW1 TW = 31.54 EJ/yearSource: Renewable energy, Brent Sorensen, Elsevier, 2004, p123Closed cycleSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterDirection conversion to heat in air, earth and oceans: 2.55 x 106EJ/yearBiomass energy: 4.3 x 103EJ/yearWind, waves convection and currents: 11.7 x 103EJ/yearConvection in volcanoes and hot springs: 9.36 EJ/yearOcean tides: 93.6 EJ/year0.7We should pay attention to those areas of energy cycle which have not yet been utilized for which energy conversion methods have been in place. ~ 4.7 x 10-5of the solar radiationMaximum relative change during the past 500K years has been 10-3Possible Sources of Energy Conversion12in TW0.7airwatersoilSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSolar ElectricitySolar-thermally generated electricity:Complex collectors to gather solar radiation to produce temperatures