Public PolicySlide 2Government and What it DoesPublic PoliciesPolicy ProfilesExtractionDistributionWelfare StateRegulationCommunity Building and Symbolic PoliciesOutcomes: Domestic WelfareOutcomes: Domestic SecurityInternational OutputsPolitical Goods and ValuesPolitical/Economic arrangements for achieving political goodsPolitical/Economic arrangementsPublic PolicyPublic Policy•Authoritative decisions – government•What is the relationship between the policy and the desired goal or “outcome”? •Connection between interest articulation and public policy?•Evaluation of outcomes – asking the normative questions.Government and What it Does•Produce goods and services:•Consumer goods:–Transportation–Clothing–Industrial products (cars, refrigerators, etc)•Consumer services:–Postal–Police•Basic human needs–Potable water–ElectricityThe ratio of governmental production of goods to services varies with the type of political system.Public PoliciesFour major types:•Extractive:–Government removes resources from the domestic/international environments•Distributive–Government moves resources around its domestic/international environment•Regulative–Government uses its authority to induce behavior at individual or collective levels•Symbolic–Government uses its persuasive abilities to persuade citizens; build community.Policy Profiles•Nightwatchman–Lockean state, law and order, preservation of property•Police–Intrusive regulation, severe resource extraction (coercive of citizens, must “volunteer”)•Welfare–Extensive distributive activities: health, education, employment, housing, income support (higher taxes)•Regulatory States–A response to complexity – state oversight of public and private service provision and behavior (food safety, workplace safety, etc)Extraction•All political systems extract from their societies (specifically) and from their environments (generally).•Forms:–Taxation–Direct taxes–Indirect taxesDistribution•Allocation by government of money, goods, services, honors, opportunities to groups in the society.•Expenditure areas:–Health–Education–Defense–Foreign aidWelfare State•A set of government, sometimes private policies in the areas of pensions, health, sickness, accident insurance, unemployment benefits, etc.•Private component – private donations to nonprofit organizationsRegulation•Governmental exercise of political control over societal behavior (individual/group).•States policy profiles in this area vary widely – cultural interests in regulation key.•Methods vary: coercion, financial incentives, moral exhortation (“Just say No”)–Bans on use of drugs–Sin taxes–Public information campaigns–Regulations against abuse of citizens, animals, environment–Regulations to promote safety – traffic cameras, gun control, citizenship rights, etc.Community Building and Symbolic Policies•Symbolic outputs occur for the following reasons:–To increase compliance (law)–To persuade voters (elections)–To accept hardship/sacrifice (service)–To build community/national identity/civic pride (socialization)–To enhance governmental legitimacy (new political structures in Iraq – 2004)Outcomes: Domestic Welfare•Consequences? Impact on lives?•Domestic actions impacted by not directly controllable international events.•Actions can have unintended consequences (positive or negative).•Important to evaluate/measure outcomes for effectiveness/desirability of policy.Outcomes: Domestic Security•Fundamental role of Government:•Domestic law and order most fundamental from Hobbesian view – domestic economic stability most fundamental from Lockean view.•In context of high crime are the fundamentals of daily life possible?International Outputs•War – global and civil conflict–Russia/USSR – 24 million deaths between 1900-1995–Third World countries•United Nations–Peacekeeping efforts•National security – enormous costs, on rise since 9/11Political Goods and Values•Goods and values related at the system, process and policy levels of analysis–System goods reflect the functioning of the political system as a unit.–Process goods reflect the domestic functions of the political system components – democracy, citizen participation/political competition. (Effectiveness and efficiency are desired here).–Policy goods reflect the outcomes of the system components – economic welfare, security, citizen freedom (fairness).Political/Economic arrangements for achieving political goods•Advanced Industrial nations–Industrial authoritarian•Repressed political participation, encouraged private enterprise (economic inequality predominated) this combination generated unrest - demise of authoritarian Regimes.–Market oriented and social democracies•Taxes, welfare and regulation/size of government re-considered by both – environment new issuePolitical/Economic arrangements•Pre-industrial nations–Neo-traditional •Saudi Arabia, rentier state selective modernization–Personal rule•Sub-Saharan Africa–Clerico-Mobilizational regimes•Iran – religious authority–Technocratic-repressive•South America – business, military, civil technocrats repressed allowed economic growth –Technocratic-distributive•South Korea suppressed political participation encouraged economic re-distribution – has since expanded democracy–Technocratic-moblizational•single party political systems Mexico,