Salmon - salt to fresh waterand backBar-headed goose: can flyover Mt. Everest!Electric eel: stunning its preywith electricityEach animal has uniqueadaptations• Salmon - salt and water balance• Bar-headed geese - gas exchange andcirculatory systems• Electric eel - modified musclesLE 40-2TunaSharkPenguinDolphinSealVolvoxLE 40-3DiffusionMouthDiffusionTwo cell layersSingle cellDiffusionGastrovascularcavityLE 40-4DigestivesystemCirculatorysystemExcretorysystemInterstitialfluidCellsNutrientsHeartAnimalbodyRespiratorysystemBloodCO2FoodMouthExternal environmentO250 µmA microscopic view of the lungreveals that it is much morespongelike than balloonlike. Thisconstruction provides an expansivewet surface for gas exchange withthe environment (SEM).10 µmInside a kidney is a mass ofmicroscopic tubules that exchangechemicals with blood flowing through aweb of tiny vessels called capillaries(SEM).The lining of the small intestine, a digestiveorgan, is elaborated with fingerlikeprojections that expand the surface area fornutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM).Unabsorbedmatter (feces)Metabolic wasteproducts (urine)Anus0.5 cmLE 40-12River otter (endotherm)Largemouth bass (ectotherm)Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)0 10 20304040Body temperature (°C)302010LE 40-11ResponseNo heatproducedRoomtemperaturedecreasesRoomtemperatureincreasesSet pointToohotSet pointHeaterturnedoffToocoldSet pointControl
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