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USC CSCI 534 - Lecture7-Lance-2009

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The Display of Affect through Physical BehaviorCS 543OverviewMotivationPsychological View of Nonverbal Behavior• Encoding Vs. Decoding• Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal BehaviorRealizing Emotional Expression• Animation Techniques• The Expressive Gaze ModelConclusionMotivationWhat is interesting about the display of emotion?The development of Virtual characters • Believable• Capable of open-ended interaction• Engaging • For this, a character must be able to signal its internal state through its external behavior“It is the simple idea that "lifelike" doesn't mean "has movement"; "lifelike" means "has a brain." The underlying notion of Pixar and Disney animation is that action is driven by cognitive processes in the character, that there is intelligence and personality and emotion. Remember that it is crucial that the audience understand the intelligence and personality and emotion. The continual challenge to the animator is in depicting in an unmistakable yet compelling way that the brain is driving the action.”-Tom PorterVisual Effects SupervisorPixar StudiosMotivation – ContinuedUsing nonverbal display of emotion to recognize affective state• Improve Human-Computer Interaction• Reliable• Requires user modeling/theory of mindOverviewMotivationPsychological View of Nonverbal Behavior• Encoding Vs. Decoding• Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal BehaviorRealizing Emotional Expression• Animation Techniques• The Expressive Gaze ModelConclusionNonverbal BehaviorEncoding• The display of information through external behaviorDecoding• The comprehension of information through observation of external behaviorEncodingTypes of encoding• [Ekman & Friesen, 1969] define three types of coding• Arbitrary• No relation between coding and meaning• Iconic• Coding is representation of meaning• Intrinsic• Coding is meaningEncoding Research1. Induce an emotional state into a subject2. Evaluate the emotional induction.3. Evaluate the subject‟s behavior within a specific context4. Compare the resulting behavior to a subject that has not gone through the emotional inductionEncoding – ComplicationsEncoding may not be deliberateEncoding may be used to mask informationMen and women encode & decode differentlyDifferent cultures have different coding rulesEncoding may be idiosyncraticEvaluating Emotion in humans is problematic• How do we know what lies beneath the display we‟ve just seen?Decoding Research1. Produce stimuli of portrayed nonverbal behaviors2. Have subjects rate the emotional content of the stimuliRealistic vs. BelievableDecoding research is easier than Encoding researchGenerating Believable expressive behavior is easier than generating Realistic expressive behavior• “Realistic” -> behavior as a human would have performed it• “Believable” -> behavior understandable by an observerOverviewMotivationPsychological View of Nonverbal Behavior• Encoding Vs. Decoding• Expression of Emotion through Nonverbal BehaviorRealizing Emotional Expression• Animation Techniques• The Expressive Gaze ModelConclusionNonverbal CommunicationTechnically, communication without words• Extremely broad field [Knapp & Hall, 1997]• Includes:• Environment• Appearance• Dress, grooming• Height, weight• Race & gender• None of these really express emotion• However, they may affect appraisal ratingsExpression of EmotionWhat nonverbal behaviors display emotion?• Torso Posture• Head Position• Facial Expression• Hand Gestures• Gaze Behavior• Prosody• MovementExpression of Emotion in Man and Animals [Darwin, 1872].Posture - DemonstrationPosture - DemonstrationPosture - DemonstrationTorso PostureTorso Posture is affected less by emphasis and other speech-related behaviors [Bull & Connelly, 1985]Positive and Negative emotions are both easily distinguished both from static body postures [Coulson, 2004], [Schouwstra & Hoogstraten, 1995], and from dynamic trunk movement [de Meijer, 1989].Expression of EmotionWhat nonverbal behaviors display emotion?• Torso Posture• Head Position• Facial Expression• Hand Gestures• Gaze Behavior• Prosody• MovementHead PositionHead PositionMovement of the head is tightly connected to speech [Hadar et al., 1985], [McClave, 1999].Static posture of the head is still useful for the display of emotions• Head which is tilted upwards is viewed as more dominant, and displaying a more positive than one tilted downwards [Kappas et al., 1994], [Mignault & Chaudhuri, 2003].Expression of EmotionWhat nonverbal behaviors display emotion?• Torso Posture• Head Position• Facial Expression• Hand Gestures• Gaze Behavior• Prosody• MovementFacial ExpressionFacial expression is one of the stronger channels for emotional expressionPaul Ekman• Performed many of early experiments on facial expression• Found that facial expression was highly cross cultural• Developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)HappinessAngerSadnessFearDisgustFacial ExpressionOther researchers have shown that• Children who are Deaf/Blind from birth share many of the same facial expressions• As do very young infants• As well as monkeys• [Knapp & Hall, 1997]Expression of EmotionWhat nonverbal behaviors display emotion?• Torso Posture• Head Position• Facial Expression• Hand Gestures• Gaze Behavior• Prosody• MovementHand GesturesMuch of the research on hand gesture focuses on the association of gestures with the cognition and communication [McNeill, 1992].However, there is still evidence that not only the motion qualities of hand gestures, but the selection of gestures and hand positions can be affected by emotional state.Expression of EmotionWhat nonverbal behaviors display emotion?• Torso Posture• Head Position• Facial Expression• Hand Gestures• Gaze Behavior• Prosody• MovementGaze BehaviorWhat do we mean by gaze behaviors?• Eye shape and eyebrow position are part of facial expression• Speed of eye movement is highly stereotypical• Length of gaze & mutual gaze• Gaze attraction vs. aversion• Relation of eye movement to head and body movementNon-Emotional GazeGaze is closely linked to speech-related behaviors• Patterns of gaze for individuals speaking are often different from patterns of gaze for listeners [Kleinke, 1986].Attention and Saliency also control eye movement [Argyle & Cook, 1973].Gaze and DominanceGaze is very important in signaling dominance


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