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1Chapter 3: TemperatureElements of WAC (Basic Measurable Properties)1. Temperature of Air2. Humidity of Air3. Cloud Cover (type and amount)4. Precipitation (type and amount)5. Air Pressure6. Wind Speed and DirectionI. Air Temperature DataDaily mean temperatureDaily temperature rangeMonthly mean temperatureAnnual mean temperatureAnnual temperature rangePDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com2Isotherms = lines that connect points on a map that have the same temperatureTemperature Gradient = temperature change per unit distanceII. Controls of temperatureChapter 2 = Discussed variations in solar radiationA. Differential Heating of Land and WaterB. Ocean CurrentsC. AltitudeD. Geographic PositionE. Cloud cover and AlbedoPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com3A. Differential Heating of Land and Water- Atmosphere heated from below- Heating properties of various surfaces (soil, trees, water, ice, asphalt, concrete…)- Land heats/cools quicker- Land hotter/colder tempsWhy do land and water heat and cool differently?1) Water is highly mobile, heats through convectionPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com4Why do land and water heat and cool differently?Land is rigid, heats through conductionSILOClimate constant/approx. 58 degree earth ambient temperature.PriceOriginal Gov't cost for complex in 1958 $18 Million (Present value is near $100 Million)Why do land and water heat and cool differently?2) Land surfaces are opaque, water is transparentPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com5Why do land and water heat and cool differently?3) Specific heat: the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1oCWhy do land and water heat and cool differently?4) Evaporation: from water is greater than from land, energy goes toward evaporation instead of heatingPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com6Marine –vs- Continental Locations- In general temperature range increases with latitude- Southern Hemisphere?PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com7Distribution of WaterDistribution of LandPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com8B. Ocean Currents- Transfer of heat by ocean currents (and wind) equalizes the latitudinal energy imbalances- Example: Gulf Stream- 500 Times the discharge of the Amazon RiverB. Ocean Currents- Warm currents move toward the poles- Cool current move toward the equatorPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com9Arica, Chile –vs- Rio de Janeiro, BrazilC. Altitude- Temperature decreases with altitude - Normal Lapse Rate 6.5oC/kmPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com10C. Altitude- Expect 18.2oC difference based on the normal lapse rate - Actual difference = 12.2oC- Thinner Atmosphere - Less reflection/absorption- More solar energy striking the surface- Rapid heating and coolingD. Geographic Position- Windward coastal locations receive full moderating influence of the ocean.- Leeward locations (wind blows from land to ocean) reduce the moderating effect of waterPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com11Seattle -vs- SpokaneCascade Mntstopographic effectE. Cloud Cover and Albedo- Daylight hours clouds reflect solar radiation back to space - At night clouds retard heat lossPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com12E. Cloud Cover and AlbedoHighest surface temperatures in AprilMonsoon clouds reduce solar radiationPeoria, IllinoisJuly (~8oF difference)III. World Distribution of Temperatures-Latitudinal Effects-Seasonal Migration of Sun Angle-Land and Water Differential Heating -Ocean CurrentsPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com13Latitudinal EffectsIsotherms trend W-ESun Angle MigrationHotspot movementPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com14Differential Heatinghottest/coldest temps over landOcean Currentsbending of isothermsPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com15World Distribution of Temperature RangeEquator –vs- PolesLand –vs- WaterN.H. Land –vs- S.H. LandDaily Variations in Air TemperatureMaximum solar radiation at noonMinimum temperatures occur just before sunriseTemperature maximum lags solar maximumPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com16VII. Practical Applications of Temperature DataA. Heating degree-days: measure of energy demand and consumptionB. Cooling degree-daysC. Growing degree-days: measure of crop maturityD. Temperature and comfortD. Temperature and comfortHeat IndexWind ChillPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com17The Urban Heat Island- Cities are hotter than surrounding rural communities- Concrete and asphalt absorb more solar radiation than vegetation and soil- Engineered runoff reduces the evaporation effect, more heat for temperature increase- Waste heat: home heating, power generation, combustion (industry and transportation)- Increased pollutants (absorb outgoing radiation)PhiladelphiaPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com18In many cities the air temperature is, on average, 0.5 to 0.8 oC higher than the surrounding non-urban areas. In winter the average temperature difference is even greater, between 1.1 and 1.6 °C.Atlanta10m spatial resolution Trees and other vegetation appear red in the color image.Buildings, streets appear white or blue-green. PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com19Atlanta10m spatial resolution Trees and other vegetation appear red in the color image.Buildings, streets appear white or blue-green. PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial ::


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CUNY PGEOG 130 - Temperature

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