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UA PSY 381 - Physical Disorders and Health Psychology

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Physical Disorders and Health PsychologyPsychological and Social Factors that Influence HealthHow Do Psychological and Social Factors Influence Medical Illness?Slide 4Overview of Stress and the Stress ResponsePhysiology of StressPsychological and Social Factors: Their Relation to Stress PhysiologySlide 8Slide 9Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS)Cancer: Psychological and Social InfluencesCardiovascular Problems: HypertensionCardiovascular Diseases: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Chronic PainChronic Fatigue Syndrome: Psychological, Behavioral, and Social InfluencesSlide 16Psychosocial Treatment of Physical DisordersModifying Behaviors to Promote HealthSlide 19Summary of Physical Disorders and Health PsychologyPhysical Disorders and Health Physical Disorders and Health PsychologyPsychologyChapter 7Chapter 7Psychological and Social Factors that Influence Health•Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Factors–Are major contributors to medical illness and disease–Examples include AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular diseases –Recognize that psychological factors can affect medical conditions•Psychological Approaches to Health and Disease–Behavioral medicine – Prevention, diagnosis, treatment of medical illness–Health psychology – Psychological factors involved in the promotion of healthHow Do Psychological and Social Factors Influence Medical Illness? •Two Primary Paths–Psychological factors can influence basic biological processes–Long-standing behavior patterns may put people at risk for disease–AIDS is an example of both forms of influence•50% of the Leading Causes of Death in the U.S. Are Linked to Behavior PatternsPsychosocial factors directly affect physical healthOverview of Stress and the Stress Response•Nature of Stress–Stress – Physiological response of an individual to a stressor–Stress responses vary from person to person•The Stress Response and the General Adaptation Syndrome–Phase 1 – Alarm response (sympathetic nervous system arousal)–Phase 2 – State of resistance (mobilized coping and action)–Phase 3 – State of exhaustion (chronic stress, permanent damage)Physiology of Stress•The Biology of Stress–Stress activates the sympathetic branch of the ANS–Stress activates the HPA axis, producing cortisol–The relation between the hippocampus and HPA activation•The Function of the Hippocampus in HPA-Stress Response Cycle–Hippocampus – Part of the limbic system and highly responsive to cortisol –Hippocampus helps to turn off the HPA cycle–Chronic stress may damage cells in the hippocampus–Damage to hippocampal cells interferes with stopping the HPA loopPsychological and Social Factors: Their Relation to Stress Physiology•Primate Research: High and Low Social Status–High cortisol is associated with low social status–Low social status is associated with fewer lymphocytes and immune suppression–Dominant males benefit from predictability and controllability•Vulnerabilities Operative in Mental Illness Contribute to Physical Illness–Stress, perceived uncontrollability, low social support, negative affect•Interpretation of Physiological Response and Situation Seems CriticalResponses to threats and challenges range on a continuum from depression to excitementPathways through which psychological factors might influence onset and progression of immune system-mediated diseaseAcquired Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) •Nature of AIDS–Course from HIV to full blown AIDS is variable–Median time from initial infection to full-blown AIDS is 7.3 to 10 years or more–Stress of getting an AIDS diagnosis can be devastating•Role of Stress Reduction Programs–Higher stress and low social support speed progression of disease–Reduce stress of diagnosis, improve immune system functioning•AIDS is Influenced by Psychological, Behavioral, and Social FactorsCancer: Psychological and Social Influences •Field of Psychoncology –Study of psychological factors and their relation to cancer•Psychological and Behavioral Contributions to Cancer–Perceived lack of control–Inadequate or inappropriate coping responses (e.g., denial)–Overwhelming stressful life events–Life-style risk behaviors–Psychological factors also are involved in chemotherapy•Cancer is Influenced by Psychological, Behavioral, and Social FactorsCardiovascular Problems: Hypertension•Hypertension – High Blood Pressure–Major risk factor for stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease–Causes wear and tear of the blood vessels–Essential hypertension is the most common form •Contributing Factors and Associated Features of Hypertension–Affects 20% of all adults between the ages of 25 and 74 –African Americans are most likely to develop hypertension relative to Caucasians –Salt, fluid volume, sympathetic arousal, stress, and lifestyle are contributors–Core psychological contributors include anger and hostility•Hypertension Is Influenced by Psychological, Behavioral, and Social FactorsCardiovascular Diseases: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)•Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)–Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle–Angina pectoris – Chest pain from partial obstruction of the arteries–Atherosclerosis – Accumulation of artery plaque–Ischemia – Deficiency of blood supply because of too much plaque–Myocardial infarction – Heart attack involving death of heart tissue•Psychological and Behavioral Risk Factors for CHD–Stress, anxiety, anger, poor coping skills, low social support, and lifestyleClassic –Type A Behavior Pattern – Particularly anger and negative affectChronic Pain•Acute vs. Chronic Pain–Acute pain – Follows injury and heals within 1 month on average–Chronic pain – Does not decrease with healing and treatment–Severity of pain does not predict one’s reaction to it•Pain: Some Clinical Distinctions–Subjective vs. overt behavioral manifestations of pain•Psychological and Social Factors in Chronic Pain–The role of perceived control over pain and its consequences, negative emotion, poor coping skills, low social support, compensation–Social reinforcement for pain behaviors•Gate Control Theory: An Integrative Account•Endogenous Opiods: Our Body’s Response to PainChronic Fatigue Syndrome: Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Influences•Nature of Chronic Fatigue (CF)–Symptoms include lack of energy, marked fatigue, and pain–Most common in females, with


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UA PSY 381 - Physical Disorders and Health Psychology

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