Chapter 3 Personality, Perception, and AttributionSlide 2Variables Influencing Individual BehaviorSlide 4Slide 5PersonalityPersonality TheoriesBig Five Personality TraitsPersonality Characteristics in OrganizationsSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Self-EfficacySlide 15Self-EsteemSelf-MonitoringWHO IS MOST LIKELY TO. . .The Role of AffectSlide 20Four Measures of PersonalitySlide 22Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorSlide 24Slide 25MBTI PreferencesMBTI ScalesUses of MBTISlide 29Social Perception ModelSlide 31Slide 32Barriers to Social PerceptionSlide 34Impression ManagementSlide 36Slide 37Attribution TheoryInternal and ExternalAttribution BiasesSlide 41Slide 42© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Chapter 3Personality, Perception, and Attribution1. Describe individual differences and explain why they are important in understanding organizational behavior. 2. Articulate key personality traits and explain how they influence behavior in organizations. 3. Discuss how personality theories may be applied in organizations. 4. Define social perception and explain the factors that affect it.5. Identify five common barriers to social perception.6. Explain the attribution process and how attributions affect managerial behavior.Learning Outcomes© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Describe individual differences and explain why they are important in understanding organizational behavior. 1Learning Outcome© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Variables Influencing Individual Behavior© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Propositions of Interactional PsychologyBehavior is a function of continuous, multidirectional interaction between the person and the situation. The person is active in this process and both changes situation and is changed by them.People vary in many characteristics, including cognitive, affective, motivational and ability factors. Two aspects of a situation are important: the objective situation and the person’s subjective view of the situation.© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Articulate key personality traits and explain how they influence behavior in organizations.2Learning Outcome© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.PersonalityThe relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s behavior and lend it consistency.© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Personality TheoriesTrait Theory – understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traitsPsychodynamic Theory – emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behaviorHumanistic Theory – emphasizes individual growth and improvementIntegrative Approach – describes personality as a composite of an individual’s psychological processes© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Big Five Personality Traits© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Personality Characteristics in OrganizationsA strong situation can overwhelm the effectsof individual personalitiesby providing strong cuesfor appropriate behavior© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Strong personalitieswill dominatein a weaksituationPersonality Characteristics in Organizations© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Personality Characteristics in OrganizationsLocus of ControlInternal ExternalI control what happens to me!People and circumstances control my fate!© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Choose A or B for each item:1. a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it. b. Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.2. a. The average citizen can have an influence in government decisions. b. This world is run by the few people in power, and there is not much the little guy can do about it.Beyond the Book:What’s Your Locus of Control?© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.3. a. As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are the victims of forces we can neither understand nor control. b. By taking an active part in political and social affairs, people can control world events.4. a. With enough effort we can wipe out political corruption. b. It is difficult for people to have much control over the things politicians do in office.Scoring Key:The internal locus of control answers are: 1a, 2a, 3b, 4aThe external locus of control answers are: 1b, 2b, 3a, 4bBeyond the Book:What’s Your Locus of Control?© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Self-Efficacybeliefs and expectations about one’s ability to accomplish a specific task effectively© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Personality Characteristics in Organizations Sources of self-efficacyPrior experiences and prior successBehavior models (observing success)PersuasionAssessment of current physical and emotional capabilities Sources of self-efficacyPrior experiences and prior successBehavior models (observing success)PersuasionAssessment of current physical and emotional capabilities© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Self-EsteemSuccess tendsto increaseself-esteemFailure tendsto decreaseself-esteem© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Self-MonitoringBehavior based on cuesHigh self monitors–flexible: adjust behavior according to the situation and the behavior of others–can appear unpredictable and inconsistentLow self monitors–act from internal states rather than from situational cues–show consistency–less likely to respond to work group norms or supervisory feedback© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.WHO IS MOST LIKELY TO. . . Low self monitorsHigh self monitorsGet promotedChange employersMake a job-related geographic move© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.The Role of AffectPositive Affect – an individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in generalNegative Affect – an individual’s tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of oneself, other people, and the world in general© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.Discuss how personality theories may be applied in organizations.3Learning Outcome© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.[Projective Test] elicits an individual’s response to abstract stimuli[Behavioral Measures] personality assessments that involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situationFour Measures of Personality© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.[Self-Report