Course CoordinatorGene Settle, Ph.D.AHSC [email protected] office hours: following class or by appointmentInstructorsAlex Simon, Ph.D. Medical Research Building 423; phone: 621-9778;[email protected] hours: following class or by appointmentJohn Konhilas, Ph.D. Medical Research Building [email protected] hours: following class or by appointmentNick Delamere, Ph.D. (AHSC 4103)[email protected] hours: following class or by appointmentCourse Themes•Organization - from molecule and cell to thecomplex tissue•Relationships between structure and function•Cellular specialization•Homeostasis - acute vs long term regulation inphysiology•Faults that lead to disorders and diseaseA. MetabolismB. ResponsivenessC. MovementD. Growth & DifferentiationE. ReproductionCharacteristics of Living SystemsCharacteristics of Living SystemsA. Metabolism = sum of all chemical processesbreakdown of large molecules into small building new structural components (proteins) providing chemical energy for cellsB. Responsivenessdetect & respond to changes in internal or externalenvironmentelectrical signals, hormone or glandular secretionC. Movement (at any structural level)the body, an organ, a cell or cell componentD. Growth/Differentiationincrease in number or size of cells or the material foundbetween cells specialization of cells for a specific functionE. Reproductionformation of new cells or new individualsCharacteristics of Living SystemsLevels of Structural OrganizationChemical Levelatomic and molecular levelCellular levelsmallest living unit of the bodyTissue levelgroup of cells and the materials surroundingthem that work together on one taskLevels of Structural OrganizationOrgan levelgrouping of 2 or more tissue types into arecognizable structure with a specific function.Organ systemcollection of related organs with a commonfunction (sometimes an organ is part of morethan one system)Organismic levelone living individual.Levels of Structural Organization• Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organs• System Level• OrganismicLevelcoordinationBring the different elements of (a complex activity or organization) into aharmonious or efficient relationshipOxford English DictionaryThe ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficientlyClaude Bernard (1813-78)"La fixite du milieu interieur est la conditiond'une vie libre et independante”"The constancy of the internal environment isthe condition for a free and independent life"Homeostasis - Relative constancy ofthe internal environment’The physical and chemical parameters ofliving systems (e.g., temp, pH, concentrationsof important molecules) tend to remain constantover timeNegative feedbackHere, "negative" means that successful actionof the effector feeds back to turn down, or turnoff, the effector.controlledconditionstimulusreceptor(heat)(temp sensor)control center(brain)effector(sweat gland)response(sweat)(evap cooling)(TEMP)‘Feedback Loop’conditiontimehighlowNegative Feedback(e.g., temp)What happens when conditions change - likegoing to snowboard at high altitude?Initial responses to altitude•Shortness of breath•Headache•Disturbed sleep pattern•Dry mouth……………..generally disappear after a few days. What underlies the adaptations?Why do some elite athletes prefer to train athigh altitude?More serious responses to altitude•Nausea•Nose bleed•Pulmonary & cerebral edema•Enlarged heart•Altered color visionAltitude effects exceed capacity forhomeostasis.Faulty homeostasis is evident in some diseasesPSIO%303B/Block%1OrganellesDr.%Nick%DelamereDept%of%PhysiologyHSC%[email protected] a typical cell….to a rod photoreceptorBlock%1• IntegraKve%approach:%%uses%a%case%study%on%the%reKna%tocover%topics%on%organelle%structure/funcKon.• Learn%about%subcellular%physiology• Discuss%molecular%and%cellular%structures%that%underliephotoreceptor%acKon.• Learn%what%determines%the%cell%membrane%potenKal• Learn%how%photons%iniKate%electrical%signals%and%howsynapses%transmit%them.• Discuss%regulaKon%of%molecules%and%subcellularcomponents,%and%disorders%that%occur%when%regulaKonis%faultyPSIO%303B/Block%2Signal+transduc0on+pathways+that+regulategene+expressionAlex%SimonDept%of%Physiology423%Medical%Research%[email protected]%for%Block%21.%IntegraKve%approach:%%use%a%case%study%(a%vasculardisease)%to%cover%topics%from%systems%to%molecular%level.2.%Learn%about%vascular%physiology%and%development.3.%Take%a%close%look%at%some%vascular%signal%transducKonpathways,%like%the%TGFCβ%signaling%pathway,%thatregulate%gene%expression%in%cells%by%altering%genetranscripKon.4.%Consider%the%various%strategies%that%cells%use%to%turngenes%on%or%off%(transcripKonal%regulaKon).5.%Introduce%transgenic%and%“knockout”%mice%as%anexperimental%approach%to%study%the%funcKon%of%genesand%to%create%vascular%disease%models.TGF-β family signalingpathwayPSIO%303B/Block%3Cardiac+muscle+9+structure,+func0o n,+m ech anicsDr.%John%Konhi lasDept%of%Physiology320%Medical%Research%Building626C6578konhilas@arizona. eduBlock%3• IntegraKve%approach:%%uses%a%cardiovascular%case%studyto%cover%topics%from%systems%to%molecular%level.• Learn%about%cardiovascular%physiology• Discuss%molecular%and%cellular%structures%that%underliemuscle%cell%contracKon.• Learn%how%electrical%signals%lead%to%contracKon.• Discuss%regulaKon%of%molecules%and%cells,%and%disordersthat%occur%when%regulaKon%is%faultyMuscle fiberWhole HeartSection III: Cardiac Cell PhysiologyNormal Heart FunctionSevere Heart Dysfunctionaberrant cardiaccell physiology1) Anatomy of heart cell2) Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction3) Intracellular signaling in heart cells4) Congestive Heart Failure-when things gobadPhysiology of a heart cell: structure-functionLearning objectives1. Know the basic characteristics of livingsystems2. Understand levels of structural organization -cells, tissues , organs etc3. Know what we mean by the term