39UNIT VII: THE ABDOMINAL VISCERAL SYSTEMS Instructional Objectives: At the completion of this unit the student should be able to: 1. Recognize the derivation of key examples of anatomical terms used in this unit. 2. Describe the general function of the digestive system and define the activities involved. 3. Differentiate between the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion. 4. Identify from a model, diagram or a verbal description of parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum and such peritoneal reflections as mesentery omenta, and ligaments. (See list.) 5. Recognize the four structural layers of the digestive tract. (See list.) 6. Identify from a model, diagram, or a verbal description the structures of the digestive system. (See list.) 7. State the general function of each of the major structures of the digestive tract and of the accessory digestive organs. 8. List the general functions of the urinary system and of the structures composing it. 9. Identify and describe the gross features of a kidney as seen in an external examination and in a coronal section. (See list.) 10. Identify and diagram the gross vascular blood supply to the kidney. (See list.) 11. Recognize the microscopic structures of a nephron, including the vascular and tubular components. (See list.) 12. Locate and describe the general structure of the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. (See list.) 13. Identify from a model, diagram, or verbal description the important structures of the male and of the female reproductive systems. (See list.) 14. Summarize the functions of the male and of the female reproductive systems. 15. Differentiate among primary sex organs, secondary sex organs and secondary sex characteristics of each sex. 16. Describe the major homologies between the male and female reproductive structures.40STRUCTURES OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCERAL SYSTEMS Objective 4 PERITONEUM AND ITS REFLECTIONS mesentery proper mesocolon greater omentum falciform ligament Objective 5 DIGESTIVE TRACT LAYERS mucosa villi submucosa muscularis serosa Objective 6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM teeth incisors canines premolars molars tongue salivary glands parotid gland submandibular gland esophagus stomach lesser curvature greater curvature cardia fundus body pylorus pyloric sphincter rugae small intestine duodenum duodenal papilla plicae jejunum ileum ileocecal valve plicae41DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (continued) large intestine cecum vermiform appendix ascending colon hepatic (right colic) flexure transverse colon splenic (left colic) flexure descending colon sigmoid colon taeniae coli haustra rectum anus internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter liver four lobes (left, right, quadrate, caudate) hepatic ducts – left, right, and common common bile duct gallbladder cystic duct pancreas pancreatic duct42NOTES – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM salivary glands – in saliva: enzyme (amylase) to break down starch to a disaccharide parotid gland sublingual submandibular esophagus – muscular tube from pharynx to stomach; peristalsis begins stomach – HCl and enzyme (pepsin) to begin protein digestion lesser curvature – superior curve greater curvature – inferior curve cardiac orifice – opening between esophagus and stomach (heart is nearby) fundus – part of stomach superior to orifice body – main part pylorus – narrowed distal part pyloric sphincter – muscle around opening into duodenum rugae – ridges in mucosal lining small intestine – up to 20+ feet long, in a cadaver duodenum – 1st 10-12"; most digestion and absorption here duodenal papilla – where pancreatic and common bile ducts enter duodenum jejunum – 2-3 meters (8 feet) ileum – remaining 4 meters (12 feet); leading to colon (at the cecum) ileocecal sphincter (valve) – where small intestine joins colon circular folds (plicae circularis) – mucosal folds in small intestine – increases surface area villi – finger-like projections of mucosa for absorption; contains blood and lymph vessels – increases surface area large intestine (= colon) – water reabsorption feces form cecum – expanded pouch appendix – attached to cecum ascending colon – segment on right side transverse colon – segment inferior to stomach, from side to side descending colon – segment on left side sigmoid colon – S-shaped segment, returning colon to medial body hepatic flexure – bend near the liver (ascending meets transverse) splenic flexure – bend near the spleen (transverse meets descending) taeniae coli – longitudinal smooth muscle bundles haustra – sac-like segments along length of colon rectum – last segment; storage of feces anal canal – very short, leading to anus anus – exit for undigested waste internal anal sphincter – smooth muscle external anal sphincter – skeletal muscle liver – produces bile to emulsify fats (make smaller units) four lobes falciform ligament – separates right and left lobes hepatic ducts – left, right and common – collect bile; common joins cystic duct43gallbladder – stores bile cystic duct – leads from gallbladder; joins comon hepatic duct common bile duct – formed by common hepatic and cystic duct; enters the duodenum pancreas – produces bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid; produces digestive enzymes; all enter duodenum pancreatic duct – conduct bicarbonate and enzymes to duodenum44Objectives 9-12 URINARY SYSTEM kidney hilum fibrous capsule cortex renal columns medulla renal pyramids renal papillae calyx (calyces) renal pelvis renal artery and vein segmental arteries interlobar arteries and veins arcuate arteries and veins interlobular arteries and veins afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries vasa recta nephron (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) renal corpuscle [glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule] renal tubule [proximal convoluted tuble, nephron loop (loop of Henle) and distal convoluted tubule] collecting duct ureters urinary bladder trigone detrusor muscle rugae urethra45NOTES – URINARY SYSTEM kidney hilum – location of renal artery and vein; ureter capsule – fibrous outer coat cortex – outer region medulla – deeper region; made of sections (pyramids) renal pyramids – rounded triangular shapes renal