Lecture 3 AnnouncementsQuick ReviewSlide 3Tissues and FunctionsSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Cellular RespirationGlycolysisAnaerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationRespirationPhotosynthesisSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20HW#3 Assignment: Due 1/22/09Resources01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials1Lecture 3AnnouncementsHW#2 Due Wednesday January 20, 2009Class website: http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Home/jcarol/index.html and click on class link01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials2Quick ReviewWhy do we take this class?What is biomaterial?Should read the first chapter in your book (short chapter!)Today: Cell StructureNext Wednesday: Physical Attributes Read pgs. 11 - 2001/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials3•Cell HandoutForm and stability to cell, protective barrierSelective permeable boundary between cell contents and wall,Contains pectin, lignon. Provides support and flexibility between cellsCytoplasm: contains organelles, transportation synthesis functionsNucleoplasmContains cell genetic code, cell “brain”, DNARNAPlastid that contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis…sunlight to energy in the form of carbs.Formation of chemical energy, aerobic respiration from ATPSynthesis of proteinsProtein synthesis and transport, rough contains ribosomes, smooth transportsSynthesizes cell wall componentsNew cell wall production and motilityAssist in photosynthesis, respiration, breakdown of “trash” for recycling“junkyard”, synthetic and degradative functions (low PH..acidic)Graphic: www.eng.auburn.edu/.../plant_cell_structure.gif01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials4Tissues and Functions•Epidermis (Protective): –clear covering–outermost part of plant–protects plant from loss of water to air–allows gas entry and exit–allows roots to absorb waterGraphic: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantTissues.html01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials5Tissues and Functions•Parenchyma: –Found in leaves–Either contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis or store food•Collenchyma:–Found in leaves–Support leaf or stem01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials6Tissues and Functions•Sclerenchyma –Made of either fiber or sclerid–Fibrous: have a secondary cell wall and usually means the cells are dead…give flexibility and support–Sclerid: more pronounced secondary wall and provide hardness…coverings such as nut shells (coconuts, pecans..)01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials7Tissues and Functions•Endodermis: –One layer thick–Found in root system–Direct water and minerals from soil to controlling plant tissueGraphic: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Roots.html01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials8Tissues and Functions•Primary Xylem: –Combination of 4 cell types•Vessel elements•Tracheids•Fibers•Parenchyma cells–All die except parenchyma when they mature–Responsible for water transport in plant, vertical and horizontal movementGraphic: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Roots.html01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials9Tissues and Functions•Primary Phloem –Four cell types•Sieve tube•Companion cells•Fiber cells•Parenchyma cells–Storage and lateral transport of food materialsGraphic: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Roots.html01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials10•Vascular Cambium:–Between xylem and phloem–Provides new cells to xylem and phloem–protects plant from loss of water to air•Cork Cambium:–Outside of phloem–Prevents water loss from the interior of plant–Protects interior from environmental extremes–Example: tree barkGraphic: www.eng.auburn.edu/~wfgale/usda_couse/section0_images_2/syle01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials11Cellular Respiration•Goal: –Convert carbon-containing compounds into energy for life processes–Carried out in the mitochondria•Two Types:–Aerobic: uses oxygen as electron acceptor–Anaerobic: uses other compounds for cellular respirtaion•Both types start with glycolysis6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O201/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials12Glycolysis•Occurs in the cytoplasm•Takes a molecule of glucose (6 carbon sugar molecule)•Converts it to pyruvic acid•Changes in molecules happen because of enzymatic activity•Enzymes: protein molecules that facilitate reactions–Involves energy (use, production…)01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials13Anaerobic Respiration•Electron acceptor is NOT oxygen.•AKA…FERMENTATION•Two types of fermentation: lactic acid and alcoholic01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials14Aerobic Respiration•Majority of organisms respire aerobically•Terminal electron acceptor is oxygen•Consists of 2 processes:–Kreb’s (aka Citric Acid) Cycle–Electron transport chain•Kreb’s Cycle: produces CO2 and H2O•Electron Transport …transports electrons!!!–From high energy compounds to lower energy compounds–Final receptor is oxygen molecules01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials15Respiration•Aerobic respiration is more efficient at producing energy for the plant•Some organisms (known as facultative anaerobes or aerobes) can do either kind of respiration•Example: yeast•With oxygen, use citric cycle and et to produce their energy•Without oxygen, use alcoholic fermentation…produce ethyl alcohol01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials16Photosynthesis•Heterotrophs: consume their energy•Autotrophs: produce their own food•Plants are autotrophs•Use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials17Photosynthesis•Light Reactions–Photosystem I: absorbs sunlight by chlorophyll molecule–Photosystem II: converts two water molecules into electrons, protons, one water molecule and ½ oxygen molecule. –Electron transfer releases energy–Oxygen is either used in the cycle or given off through respiration01/14/19 BAE2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials18Wavelength (nm)Reflectance (%)Reflectance (%)0.250.5VisibleVisibleNear
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