Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Solutions (dilute)Concentration unitsM = molarity moles of soluteL of solutionX = mol fractionmol of solutemol solute + mol solventweight % mass of solutemass of solutionx 100m = molality moles of solutekg solventHenry’s Lawpressure and solubility of gasesP = kHX kHO24.34 x 104 atmN28.57 x 104 atm1 atm= 8.57 x 104Xnitrogen[N2] = 0.65 x 10-3 M8.9 atm= 8.57 x 104Xnitrogen[N2] = 5.8 x 10-3 Mif gases react with waterNH3 (g) + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)(water)CO2 (g) + H2O H2CO3 (aq)4O2(g) + Hb  Hb(O2)4Vapor Pressure of Solutionsvapor pressure of liquid pure solventsoluteevaporation condensationqualitativelyfewer solvent moleculesat surfacewater 25oCPwater = 23.76 torradd 162 g sugar to 1.0 LPsolution = 23.57 torrRaoult’s LawPsolution =Posolvent Xsolventwater 25oCPwater = 23.76 torradd 162 g sugar to 1.0 LPsolution = 23.57 torrRaoult’s LawPsolution =Posolvent XsolventXsolvent = PsolutionPosolvent = 23.5723.76Xsolvent = 0.992 = nwaternwater + nsugar1.0 L = 1000 g18.02 g/mol= 55.51 mol0.992 = 55.5155.51 + xx = 0.44 molsugar162 g sugar0.44 molsugar= 365 g/mol molecular weight of sucrosePowaterPsolution>= Powater XwaterRaoult’s LawPsolution == PoA XAtwo volatile components+ PoB XBgasliquidPAXA1(torr)220PB(torr)75XB10Ptotalmix 80 mol A + 20 mol BWhat is Ptot ?PoA= 22PoB= 75XA= 0.8XB= 20/(80+20)= 0.217.6 + 15.0= 32.6XB= PBPA + PB= 15.032.6= .36= 80/(80+20)Ptot == PA + PBDaltons LawFractional DistillationPtolueneXtoluene1(torr)220Pbenzene(torr)75Xbenzene10PtotalPotoluene= 22Pobenzene= 75Xtoluene= 0.8Xbenzene= 0.2Xbenzene= .36Xtoluene= .64Xbenzene= .36Xtoluene= .64Potoluene= 22Pobenzene= 75Xbenzene= .66Xtoluene= .34Ideal solutionRaoult’s Lawtwo volatile componentsbenzene tolueneLDFLDFIdeal solutionLDFhigher vapor pressureRaoult’s Lawtwo volatile componentsacetonewaterH-bonddipole-dipolenon-ideal solutionH-bondingVsoln < Vacetone + VwaterP.E.solnincreasedecreaseK.E.solnincreasedecreaseTsolutionTcomponents>IMFsoln > IMFcomponentsRaoult’s Lawtwo volatile componentsacetonewaternon-ideal solutionnegative deviation23.8229XacetoneXwaterPoacetonePowatermixing exothermicHmixing < 0Raoult’s Lawtwo volatile componentsCHCl3C2H5OHnon-ideal solutionpositive deviation59.0194XchloroformXethanolPochloroformPoethanolH-bonddipole-dipoledipole-dipolemixing endothermicHmixing > 0Raoult’s LawPsolution =Posolvent Xsolventlower P of solution boiling point of solutionraiseTb =b.p. solution - b.p. solventTb =KBm KBmolal boiling-point elevation constantmmolality of solution(mol solute/kg solvent)20 g NaCl 500 mL waterWhat is Tb?= 0.51 kg K/mol = 0.34 mol 0.500 kgTb = 0.51 kg K/mol x 0.68 = 0.35 K100.79oCNaCl electrolyte2 mol particles / mol formulaColligative PropertyColligative PropertyTb = KBmi i= moles of particlesmoles of solutenon-electrolyteglucose i(expected) i(observed)1 1electrolyteNaClFeCl3HCl2 1.94 3.42 1.9Freezing point depressionTf =KFmKFmolal freezing-point depression constantmmolality of solution(mol solute/kg solvent)i0.05 m NaNO30.075 m CuSO40.06 m (NH4)2SO40.14 m sucroseOsmotic Pressurecellular biology molecules across membranescell membranepermeable to waterimpermeable to protein, etc. = gh= MRTmost accurate of colligative