Job AttitudesJob satisfaction – Employee’s overall evaluation of her/his work role as favorable or disfavorable (i.e., liking), including feelings of positive affect“I feel fairly well satisfied with my current job.”Organizational commitment – Employee’s attachment and loyalty toward an organization“I feel a strong sense of belonging to this organization.”Job involvement – A positive and relatively complete state of engagement of core aspects of the self in one’s job“I would probably keep working even if I didn’t need theJob SatisfactionJob Satisfaction has 2 components:1) Feelings – affective (mood) or emotional (happy, sad, angry, guilty) reactions to one’s job2) Cognitions/thoughts – beliefs about the job (interesting, dull, demanding)3) Behavioral tendencies* – attendance, intentions to stay [*no longer considered to be part of job satisfaction]The “Holy Grail” of I/O PsychologyDoes it really matter if people like their jobs?Does job satisfaction relate to any valued work behavior?For decades (1930s until early 2000s), no one could find compelling evidence for this.Measuring Job SatisfactionTypes of measures of job satisfaction:Global vs. Facet CompositeMore affective (feelings) vs. more cognitive (thoughts)Single-item vs. Multi-itemWays to measure job satisfaction:Face scale“Put a check under the face that expresses how you feel about your job in general, including the work, the pay, the supervision, the opportunities for promotion, and the people you work with.”Does not require a high reading level. (+)Single-item measures have poor reliability. (–)Job Descriptive IndexCommonly used“Think of the job you have at present. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe your job?”Provides Satisfaction measures for 5 job facets:Work itself Pay Promotion opportunitiesSupervisionCoworkersCan be combined into overall facet composite. • Lots of construct validity evidence. (+)Normative data are available. (+)Job in General scale (JIG)Provides global measure of job satisfactionDesigned to complement the JDIOverall Job Satisfaction scale (OJS) Brayfield-RotheProvides global measure of job satisfactionExample items:____ I feel fairly well satisfied with my present job.____ Most days I am enthusiastic about my work.____ Each day of work seems like it will never end.____ I find real enjoyment in my work.____ I consider my job rather unpleasant.Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)Commonly usedProvides facet measures 20 job satis. facetsactivity, independence, variety, social status, moral values, security, ability utilization, pay, promotion, responsibility, coworkers, recognition, creativity, achievement, company policies, etc.100 items long (–)Predicting job satisfactionJob satisfaction determinants:Job characteristicsFeatures of the job itself (autonomy, feedback) determine how satisfied a person is with the job.Folks compare current job characteristics to their desired job characteristics.To improve job satisfaction: Job Design!Social information processing (communication & social comparison)Social construction (communications from similar others, retrospective sensemaking) determines how satisfied a person is with job.Supported in lab research, but less so in field research (messages less consistent in field).To improve job satisfaction: Say positive things!Dispositional Approach—PersonalityPersonality (stable traits) determines how satisfied a person is with the job.Job satisfaction is stable across jobs & timeTwins have similar job satisfactionTraits: Positive & negative affectivity, neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousnessTo improve job satisfaction: Hire the right people!Job SatisfactionJob Attitudes-Job satisfaction – Employee’s overall evaluation of her/his work role as favorable or disfavorable (i.e., liking), including feelings of positive affecto“I feel fairly well satisfied with my current job.”-Organizational commitment – Employee’s attachment and loyalty toward an organizationo“I feel a strong sense of belonging to this organization.”-Job involvement – A positive and relatively complete state of engagement of core aspects of the self in one’s jobo“I would probably keep working even if I didn’t need theJob Satisfaction-Job Satisfaction has 2 components:o1) Feelings – affective (mood) or emotional (happy, sad, angry, guilty) reactions to one’s jobo2) Cognitions/thoughts – beliefs about the job (interesting, dull, demanding)o3) Behavioral tendencies* – attendance, intentions to stay [*no longer considered to be part of job satisfaction]-The “Holy Grail” of I/O PsychologyoDoes it really matter if people like their jobs?oDoes job satisfaction relate to any valued work behavior?oFor decades (1930s until early 2000s), no one could find compellingevidence for this.Measuring Job Satisfaction-Types of measures of job satisfaction:oGlobal vs. Facet CompositeoMore affective (feelings) vs. more cognitive (thoughts)oSingle-item vs. Multi-item-Ways to measure job satisfaction:oFace scale“Put a check under the face that expresses how you feel about your job in general, including the work, the pay, the supervision, the opportunities for promotion, and the people you work with.”Does not require a high reading level. (+) Single-item measures have poor reliability. (–) oJob Descriptive IndexCommonly used“Think of the job you have at present. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe your job?”Provides Satisfaction measures for 5 job facets: Work itselfPayPromotion opportunitiesSupervision CoworkersCan be combined into overall facet composite. • Lots of construct validity evidence. (+)Normative data are available. (+)oJob in General scale (JIG)Provides global measure of job satisfactionDesigned to complement the JDIoOverall Job Satisfaction scale (OJS) Brayfield-RotheProvides global measure of job satisfaction Example items:____ I feel fairly well satisfied with my present job.____ Most days I am enthusiastic about my work.____ Each day of work seems like it will never end.____ I find real enjoyment in my work.____ I consider my job rather unpleasant.oMinnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)Commonly usedProvides facet measures 20 job satis. facetsactivity, independence, variety, social status, moral values, security, ability utilization,