II. The Scientific Method- method by which scientific inquiry is carried outI. ObservationSystematically examine an issue or problem using universally accepted quantities such as temperature, length and mass.Learn what others have already discovered about this system.II. QuestionDevelop an answerable question about the system that you are examiningIII. HypothesisMake a well reasoned, educated guess about the question based upon the observations.All hypotheses are testable.Hypotheses cannot be proven to be true. Instead, they are accepted until there is evidence against them.IV. PredictionBased on your hypothesis, what are the expected outcomesV. TestThe hypotheses can be tested either through observation or experimentation.Observational studies use systematic methods to collect data, which will either provide evidence for or against the hypothesis.In experiments the scientist creates situations to test hypotheses.Experiments are designed to account for variables, which may influence the observations.VI. ResultsThe findings of your study, often referred to as ‘Data’VII. After a researcher get their data, he or she will share it with the rest of the scientific community.VIII. Other researchers challenge the research and other will repeat it to see if they get the same results.IX. Over time, and lots of scrutiny, a hypothesis may become a scientific theory- supportedA scientific theory is an explanation of the cause or causes of a range of related phenomena. Scientific theories, unlike common theories, have been rigorously tested but are still open to testing, revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.Introduction to Oceanography and the Scientific MethodI. Oceanography: Technically it means “mapping of the ocean”.a. Oceanography is the descriptive study of the ocean and the location and status of its physical, chemical, geological and biological systems. i. Notice that this definition doesn’t include a study of the physical, chemical, geological and biological processes that occur in the ocean.1. A better term would be oceanology, the study of the oceans. ii. A sub-discipline of oceanography is biological oceanography, the study of the distribution of organisms and biological processes,such as photosynthesis, in the ocean.1. Biological oceanography is really an ecosystem science that examines the distribution of marine organisms and howthey interact with their environment. 2. Marine biology uses marine organisms to answer fundamental questions about biology. iii. Other Sub-disciplines of Oceanography1. Geological Oceanography studies the composition of the earths crust and the distribution and composition of sediments throughout the oceans2. Physical Oceanography studies the way in which the ocean moves, and how it engages in physical processes such as the transfer of heat and sound3. Chemical Oceanography examines the chemicals that occur in seawater and how these chemicals interact with each other and their environmentb. Some Ocean Factsi. Ocean Surface area = 361 million sq km (130 million sq miles)1. Covers 70.78% of earth’s total surfacea. Northern Hemisphere: 60.7% sea, 39.3% landb. Southern Hemisphere: 80.9% sea, 19.1% landii. Ocean average depth= 3730 m (12,230 ft)1. Greatest depth = 11,033m (36, 198 ft, Mt. Everest is only 29,035 ft)iii. Total Ocean volume = 1,347,000,000 cu km (or 322,280,000 cu miles)iv. Average Ocean Temperature = 3.9° C (39°F)v. Average Salinity = 35 parts per thousand (35 g solid in 1000 g water)1. Most common elements in ocean are, in order, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium and potassium.2. Every naturally occurring element on earth can be found in ocean water.vi. There is only really one ocean, but we refer to the The Seven Oceans (the seven seas)1. North Atlantic Ocean2. South Atlantic Ocean3. North Pacific Ocean4. South Pacific Ocean5. Indian Ocean 6. Arctic Ocean7. Southern Ocean (around Antarctica)II. The Scientific Method- method by which scientific inquiry is carried outI. ObservationSystematically examine an issue or problem using universally accepted quantities such astemperature, length and mass.Learn what others have already discovered about this system.II. QuestionDevelop an answerable question about the system that you are examiningIII. HypothesisMake a well reasoned, educated guess about the question based upon the observations.All hypotheses are testable.Hypotheses cannot be proven to be true. Instead, they are accepted until there is evidence against them.IV. PredictionBased on your hypothesis, what are the expected outcomesV. Test The hypotheses can be tested either through observation or experimentation.Observational studies use systematic methods to collect data, which will either provide evidence for or against the hypothesis.In experiments the scientist creates situations to test hypotheses. Experiments are designed to account for variables, which may influence the observations.VI. ResultsThe findings of your study, often referred to as ‘Data’II. Scientific TheoriesVII. After a researcher get their data, he or she will share it with the rest of the scientific community.VIII. Other researchers challenge the research and other will repeat it to see if they get the same results.IX. Over time, and lots of scrutiny, a hypothesis may become a scientific theory- supportedA scientific theory is an explanation of the cause or causes of a range of related phenomena. Scientific theories, unlike common theories, have been rigorously tested but are still open to testing, revision, and tentative acceptance or