Slide 1Sensor NetworksSlide 3Slide 4Sensor Networks PreliminariesSlide 6Slide 7Why Sensor Platforms?General WSN System ArchitectureSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Berkeley Motes [Hill+ 2000]Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring [Mainwaring+ 2002]Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Energy-Efficient Computing for Wildlife Tracking: Design Tradeoffs and Early Experiences with ZebraNet [Juang+ 2002]Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks-System Architecture of Networked Sensor Platforms and ApplicationsWireless sensor networksWireless sensor networks consists of group of sensor nodes consists of group of sensor nodesto perform distributed sensing task using wireless medium.to perform distributed sensing task using wireless medium.CharacteristicsCharacteristics- low-cost, low-power, lightweight- low-cost, low-power, lightweight- densely deployed- densely deployed - prone to failures- prone to failures- two ways of - two ways of deploymentdeployment: randomly, pre-determined or engineered: randomly, pre-determined or engineered ObjectivesObjectives-- Monitor activitiesMonitor activities- Gather and fuse information- Gather and fuse information - Communicate with global data processing unit- Communicate with global data processing unitSensor NetworksApplication Areas Application Areas [Akyildiz+ 2002][Akyildiz+ 2002] 1.1.Military:Military:Monitoring equipment and ammunitionMonitoring equipment and ammunitionBattlefield surveillance and damage assessmentBattlefield surveillance and damage assessmentNuclear, biological, chemical attack detection and reconnaissanceNuclear, biological, chemical attack detection and reconnaissanceSensor Networks2.2.Environmental:Environmental:Forest fire / flood detectionForest fire / flood detection3.3.Health:Health:Tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospitalTracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospitalDrug administration in hospitalsDrug administration in hospitalsSensor Networks5.5.Other Commercial Applications:Other Commercial Applications:Environmental control in office buildingsEnvironmental control in office buildingsDetecting and monitoring car theftsDetecting and monitoring car theftsManaging inventory controlManaging inventory controlVehicle tracking and detectionVehicle tracking and detection Application Areas Application Areas [Akyildiz+ 2002][Akyildiz+ 2002] 4.4.Home:Home:Home automationHome automationSmart environmentSmart environmentSensor Networks Preliminaries –For large scale environment monitoring applications, dense For large scale environment monitoring applications, dense sensor networks are mainly used sensor networks are mainly used –Sensing capabilities should be distributed and coordinated Sensing capabilities should be distributed and coordinated amongst the sensor nodesamongst the sensor nodes–Algorithms deployed should be localized since transmissions Algorithms deployed should be localized since transmissions between large distances are expensive and lowers networks life between large distances are expensive and lowers networks life timetime–These networks should be self-configuring, scalable, redundant These networks should be self-configuring, scalable, redundant and robust during topology changesand robust during topology changesClusteringClustering–Partitioning of the network Partitioning of the network –Identification of vital nodes (clusterheads)Identification of vital nodes (clusterheads)RoutingRouting–Discovering routes from source to destinationDiscovering routes from source to destination–Maintaining the routesMaintaining the routes–Rediscovery and repair of routesRediscovery and repair of routesTopology managementTopology management–Maintain the linksMaintain the links–Minimize the changes in underlying graphMinimize the changes in underlying graphSecuritySecurityResearch Problems in Sensor NetworksMedium Access Control ProtocolsMedium Access Control ProtocolsSensor data managementSensor data managementPower conservation/energy consumptionPower conservation/energy consumptionData fusion and dissemination of sensor dataData fusion and dissemination of sensor dataNew applications for ad hoc and sensor networksNew applications for ad hoc and sensor networksResearch Problems in Ad hoc and Sensor Networks–Compared to analysis and simulation techniques, designing a system Compared to analysis and simulation techniques, designing a system platform has the following advantages:platform has the following advantages:Provides genuine executive environment: various proposed Provides genuine executive environment: various proposed algorithms can be exactly evaluated; good way to examine existing algorithms can be exactly evaluated; good way to examine existing design principles and discover new ones under different design principles and discover new ones under different configurationsconfigurationsMore attention can be focused on the application-layerMore attention can be focused on the application-layerA real system platform can accelerate the pace of research and A real system platform can accelerate the pace of research and developmentdevelopmentWhy Sensor Platforms?–Constructing a platform for WSN falls into the area of embedded system Constructing a platform for WSN falls into the area of embedded system development which usually consists of developing environment, hardware development which usually consists of developing environment, hardware and software platforms.and software platforms.1.1.Hardware PlatformHardware PlatformConsists of the following four components:Consists of the following four components:a) Processing Unita) Processing UnitAssociates with small storage unit (tens of kilo bytes order) and Associates with small storage unit (tens of kilo bytes order) and manages the procedures to collaborate with other nodes to carry out themanages the procedures to collaborate with other nodes to carry out theassigned sensing taskassigned sensing taskb) Transceiver Unitb) Transceiver UnitConnects the node to the network via various possible transmissionConnects the node to the network via various possible transmissionmedias such as infra, light, radio and so
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