CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSPitchChanges in the Larynx with DevelopmentInflectionVocal IntensityVoice DisordersDisorders of Vocal PitchDisorders of Vocal LoudnessDisorders of Vocal QualityNonphonatory Vocal DisordersEtiologiesVocal AbuseMedical ConditionsPsychiatric ConditionsPowerPoint PresentationCSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSTopic 7Speech DisordersVoice DisordersPitchThe perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with the rate of vocal fold vibrationAverage fundamental frequenciesMen 130 HzWoman 250 HzChildren 500 HzHabitual pitchOptimal pitchChanges in the Larynx with DevelopmentAt birth, the infant larynx is at C3Larynx reaches C6 by 5 years and C7 by 15-20 yearsAt birth, the vocal folds are 3 mm longGrowth rates0.4 mm/year for girls0.7 mm/year for boysPubertyInflection The cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles work to tense the glottis which causes the vocal folds to become stretched and vibrate faster, thereby causing pitch to riseVocal IntensityChanges in vocal intensity are perceived as changes in loudnessChanges in vocal intensity require the vocal folds to stay together longer during their closed phase of vibrationVoice DisordersAbout 3-6% of school-aged children and 3-9% of adults are affectedThe five perceptual signsDisorders of Vocal Pitch1. Monopitch: a voice that lacks normal inflectional variation and to change pitch voluntarily2. Inappropriate pitch: a voice judged to be outside the normal range of pitch for age and/or gender3. Pitch breaks: sudden, uncontrolled changes in pitchDisorders of Vocal Loudness1. monoloudness: a voice that lacks normal variations of intensity and the inability to change vocal loudness voluntarily2. loudness variation: extreme variations in vocal intensity in which the voice is either too soft or too loudDisorders of Vocal Quality1. Hoarseness/roughness: a voice that lacks clarity and is noisy2. Breathiness: the perception of audible air escaping thru the glottis during phonation3. Tremor: variations in pitch and loudness of the voice not under voluntary control4. Strain and struggle: related to problems with initiating and maintaining voiceNonphonatory Vocal Disorders1. Stridor: noisy breathing or involuntary sounds that accompany inspiration and expiration2. Consistent aphonia: a persistent absence of voice perceived as whispering 3. Episodic aphonia: uncontrolled and unpredictable aphonic breaks in voiceEtiologiesVocal abuseMedical conditionsPsychiatric conditiosVocal AbuseStructural damage to vocal fold tissue which affects vibration1. Vocal nodules: localized growths on the vocal foldsHoarseness and breathinessAudio example2. Contact ulcers: reddened ulcerations on the vocal foldsHoarseness, breathiness, excessive throat clearing, vocal fatigueAudio example3. Polyps: fluid-filled lesions on the vocal foldsHoarseness, breathiness, roughness4. Acute and chronic laryngitis: inflamation of the vocal foldsMild hoarseness, aphoniaMedical Conditions1. CNS disordersDysarthria from Parkinson’sVocal fold paralysisPseudobulbar palsyHuntington’s choreaSpastic dysphoniaAudio example2. Organic diseaseLaryngeal cancer3. Laryngeal traumaPsychiatric ConditionsConversion disorders result from the psychological suppression of emotionAphoniaAudio
View Full Document