6.098 Digital and Computational Photography 6.882 Advanced Computational PhotographyPhotography Survival KitBill FreemanFrédo DurandMIT - EECS• Focal length (in mm)– Determines the field of view. wide angle (<30mm) to telephoto (>100mm)• Focusing distance– Which distance in the scene is sharp• Depth of field– Given tolerance, zone around the focus distance that is sharp• Aperture (in f number)– Ratio of used diameter and focal lens. Number under the divider Î small number = large aperture (e.g. f/2.8 is a large aperture, f/16 is a small aperture)• Shutter speed (in fraction of a second)– Reciprocity relates shutter speed and aperture• Sensitivity (in ISO)– Linear effect on exposure– 100 ISO is for bright scenes, ISO 1600 is for dark scenesQuantitiesfocal lengthsensorsizefocus distancefield of viewdepth of fieldaperturelensFocal length<30mm: wide angle50mm: standard>100mm telephotoAffected by sensor size(crop factor)24mm50mm135mmfocal lengthfield of viewExposure• Aperture (f number)– Expressed as ratio between focal length and aperture diameter: diameter = f / <f number>– f/2.0, f/2.8, f/4.0, f/5.6, f/8.0, f/11, f/16 (factor of sqrt (2))– Small f number means large aperture– Main effect: depth of field– A good standard lens has max aperture f/1.8. A cheap zoom has max aperture f/3.5• Shutter speed– In fraction of a second– 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500 (factor of 2)– Main effect: motion blur– A human can usually hand-hold up to 1/f seconds, where f is focal length • Sensitivity– Gain applied to sensor– In ISO, bigger number, more sensitive (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600)– Main effect: sensor noiseReciprocity between these three numbers: for a given exposure, one has two degrees of freedom.Depth of field• The bigger the aperture (small f number), the shallower the DoF– Just think Gaussian blur: bigger kernel Î more blurry– This is the advantage of lenses with large maximal aperture: they can blur the background more • The closer the focus, the smaller the DoF• Focal length has a more complex effect on DoF– Distant background more blurry with telephoto– Near the focus plane, depth of field only depends on image size• Hyperfocal distance: – Closest focusing distance for which the depth of field includes infinity – The largest depth of field one can achieve. – Depends on aperture.Equipment• Do get an SLR, compacts are way too limited• Don't worry about brand• Don't worry about the body, get the cheapest one• Worry about lenses– Zooms are convenient but quality can be a problem• avoid the basic zoom, but the one above is usually great• Maximum aperture matters (the smaller the number, the better)– Get a prime in the 35-85mm range (cheap, high quality, wide aperture)50mm f/1.8 (both Canon & Nikon)• Get a tripod• Get an external flash if you want to take “event” pictures– And orient towards ceiling– Good flash photography is very difficult• Count ~1k for camera+standard zoom+50mmNikonTends to be a tad cheaper• D50 is a great body. D70 is a little better. • 18-70• 55-200 is surprisingly not so bad and super cheap• Get the 50mm f/1.8Canon• Rebel XT or 20D• 17-85• 70-200 f/4.0 (amazing lens)• 50mm f/1.8• 100mm f/2.8 macro (great also for portraits)Other brandsNot as big a range, future not always clear (see Minolta), have been slower to get to digital SLR• Olympus– Good system, but smaller sensor• Konica-Minolta– Just announced they stop photography!• Pentax– Good entry camera• Sigma– Intriguing sensor (Foveon)• Fuji– One-trick pony (the sensor)– Nikon body• Sony– Interesting hybrid, the R1– Very silent, good images, crappy viewfinder, no interchangeable lensesShooting• Use aperture priority, work on depth of field• Change your viewpoint• Don't center things• Learn to adjust ISO• Shoot raw• Check your histogramEditing (Photoshop)• Crop to improve composition• Manage contrast using curve and adjustment layers• Sharpen a bit• Convert to black and white with gradient