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UA CSC 520 - Scheme - History

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History of the Lisp LanguageHistory of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots History of the Lisp Languageldots John McCarthyGuy SteeleGuy Steeleldots Gerald Jay SussmanGerald Jay Sussmanldots Beating the AveragesBeating the AveragesBeating the AveragesBeating the AveragesBeating the AveragesBeating the Averages520—Spring 2005—4CSc 520Principles of ProgrammingLanguages4: Scheme — HistoryChristian [email protected] of Computer ScienceUniversity of ArizonaCopyrightc 2005 Christian Collberg[1]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Languagehttp://www.apl.jhu.edu/˜hall/text/Papers/Brief-History-of-Lisp.psThe following information is derived from the history section of dpANS CommonLisp.Lisp is a family of languages with a long history. Early key ideas in Lisp weredeveloped by John McCarthy during the 1956 Dartmouth Summer ResearchProject on Artificial Intelligence. McCarthy’s motivation was to develop analgebraiclist processing language for artificial intelligence work. Implementation efforts forearly dialects of Lisp were undertaken on the IBM 704, the IBM 7090, the DigitalEquipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1, the DECPDP-6, and the PDP-10. Theprimary dialect of Lisp between 1960 and 1965 was Lisp 1.5. By the early 1970’sthere were two predominant dialects of Lisp, both arising from these early efforts:MacLisp and Interlisp. Forfurther information about very early Lisp dialects, seeThe Anatomy of Lisp or Lisp 1.5 Programmer’s Manual.[2]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...MacLisp improved on the Lisp 1.5 notion of special variables and error handling.MacLisp also introduced theconcept of functions that could take a variable numberof arguments, macros, arrays, non-local dynamic exits, fast arithmetic, the firstgood Lisp compiler, and an emphasis on execution speed.Interlisp introduced many ideas into Lisp programming environments andmethodology. One of the Interlisp ideasthat influenced Common Lisp was aniteration construct implemented by Warren Teitelman that inspired the loop macroused both on the Lisp Machines and in MacLisp, and now in Common Lisp.[3]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...Although the first implementations of Lisp were on the IBM 704 and the IBM 7090,later work focussed on theDEC PDP-6 and, later, PDP-10 computers, the latterbeing the mainstay of Lisp and artificial intelligence work at such places asMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, and CarnegieMellon University(CMU) from the mid-1960’s through much of the 1970’s. ThePDP-10 computer and its predecessor the PDP-6 computer were, by design,especially well-suited to Lisp because they had 36-bit words and 18-bit addresses.Thisarchitecture allowed a cons cell to be stored in one word; single instructionscould extract the car and cdr parts. The PDP-6 and PDP-10 had fast, powerfulstack instructions that enabled fast function calling. But the limitations ofthePDP-10 were evident by 1973: it supported a small number of researchers usingLisp, and the small, 18-bit address space (262,144 36-bit words) limited the size ofa single program. One response to the address spaceproblem was the LispMachine, a special-purpose computer designed to run Lisp programs. The otherresponse was to use general-purpose computers with address spaces larger than18 bits, such as the DEC VAX and the S-1 MarkIIA.[4]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...The Lisp machine concept was developed in the late 1960’s. In the early 1970’s,Peter Deutsch, working withDaniel Bobrow, implemented a Lisp on the Alto, asingle-user minicomputer, using microcode to interpret a byte-codeimplementation language. Shortly thereafter, Richard Greenblatt began work on adifferent hardwareand instruction set design at MIT. Although the Alto was not atotal success as a Lisp machine, a dialect of Interlisp known as Interlisp-D becameavailable on the D-series machines manufactured by Xerox—theDorado,Dandelion, Dandetiger, and Dove (or Daybreak). An upward-compatibleextension of MacLisp called Lisp Machine Lisp became available on the early MITLisp Machines. Commercial Lisp machines from Xerox, LispMachines (LMI), andSymbolics were on the market by 1981. During the late 1970’s, Lisp Machine Lispbegan to expand towards a much fuller language. Sophisticated lambdalists, setf,multiple values, and structures like those in Common Lisp are the results of earlyexperimentation with programming styles by the Lisp Machine group.[5]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...Jonl White and others migrated these features to MacLisp. Around 1980, ScottFahlman and others at CMU began work on a Lisp to run on the ScientificPersonal Integrated Computing Environment (SPICE) workstation. One of thegoals of the project was to design a simpler dialect thanLisp Machine Lisp.The Macsyma group at MIT began a project during the late 1970’s called the NewImplementation of Lisp (NIL)for the VAX, which was headed by White. One of thestated goals of the NIL project was to fix many of the historic, but annoying,problems with Lisp while retaining significant compatibility with MacLisp.[6]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...Richard P. Gabriel began the design of a Lisp to run on the S-1 Mark IIAsupercomputer. S-1 Lisp, nevercompletely functional, was the test bed foradapting advanced compiler techniques to Lisp implementation. Eventually theS-1 and NIL groups collaborated.The first effort towards Lisp standardization was made in 1969, when AnthonyHearn and Martin Griss at theUniversity of Utah defined Standard Lisp—a subsetof Lisp 1.5 and other dialects—to transport REDUCE, a symbolic algebra system.During the 1970’s, the Utah group implemented first a retargetable optimizingcompilerfor Standard Lisp, and then an extended implementation known asPortable Standard Lisp (PSL). By the mid 1980’s, PSL ran on about a dozen kindsof computers.[7]520—Spring 2005—4History of the Lisp Language...PSL and Franz Lisp—a MacLisp-like dialect for Unix machines—were the firstexamples of widely availableLisp dialects on multiple hardware platforms. One ofthe most important developments in Lisp occurred during the second half of the1970’s:


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UA CSC 520 - Scheme - History

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