A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Communication Networks S Ramanathan Martha Steenstrup Presented by Arun T M and Nihal Sequeira Introduction Popularity of mobile wireless networking factors Scope of this paper Routing system constituents What does the Routing system do Issues challenges and solutions 01 14 19 CS 599 2 Network Organization Stationary switches Mobile switches 01 14 19 Stationary endpoints Wireline Mobile endpoints Cellular Satellite Packet radio CS 599 3 Cellular Networks Stationary switches and mobile endpoints Frequency reuse and system capacity Cells and Base stations Cellular networks AMPS PCS GSM Design problems a Partioning b Cell radii base station location Overlap c Cell splitting Handoffs mobile switching 01 14 19 CS 599 4 Packet Radio Networks Whats in packet radio network Switch mobility EX PRNET SURAN Problems Clustering switches Clustering techniques Local clustering algorithm Hierarchical Clustering 01 14 19 CS 599 5 Satellite Networks a b Satellite switches Users covered through ground satellite Inter satellite LEO satellites Problems in organization Design best topology No of satellites positions orbits grazing angles Inter satellite connectivity 01 14 19 CS 599 6 Location tracking Mobility tracking Identifier address mappings Generic Issues how to initiate changes in database Organizing and maintaining database 01 14 19 CS 599 7 Update location database Operations Updating and Finding Static strategies a Location Areas b Reporting cells Drawbacks Inaccurate user mobility frequency Dynamic Strategies a Every Tsecs b After M crossings c Distance exceeds D difficult implementation 01 14 19 CS 599 8 Organization of Location database Minimize latency and overhead Single storage space single point of failure Three way tradeoff between overhead latency and simplicity Partition network and distributed database concepts HLR VLR concepts 01 14 19 CS 599 9 Location tracking in PCS IS 41 and GSM standards Partitioning and two level hierarchy HLR VLR MSC interaction for mobility tracking Location tracking in the Internet Mobile IP support for mobile hosts care of address mobility binding 01 14 19 CS 599 10 Location tracking in Packet Radio Networks flat packet radio network not scalable Hierarchical Clustering EX SURAN hierarchical address address servers NAVSTAR GPS system for routing messages 01 14 19 CS 599 11 Routing selection and forwarding Stationary infrastructure Cellular telecommunication networks Mobile controlled handoff Mobile endpoint monitors signal quality Network controlled handoff Endpoint s base station monitors signal quality Mobile assisted handoff Base station monitors quality assisted by mobile endpoint Soft handoff Mobile endpoint affiliated with multiple base stations 01 14 19 CS 599 12 Routing selection and forwarding Wireless ATM networks Connection re establishment Entire new virtual circuit established Connection modification Original connection modified Connection prediction Multiple connections established Internetworks Direct routing Triangle routing Multicast 01 14 19 CS 599 13 Routing selection and forwarding Mobile infrastructure Minimum cost routing Link state and distance vector algorithms Metrics Promoting efficient use of transmission capacity hop count capacity interference Route discovery Broadcast random selection Alternate routes Changes in network connectivity failure in primary route break in current route Hierarchical routing Quasi hierarchical routing Enhances tier routing by including minimum distance to other radios Strict hierarchical routing Uses tier routing within a cluster and link state routing among clusters 01 14 19 CS 599 14 Thank You 01 14 19 CS 599 15
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