Problems for Lab on September 10, 20131. Among dogs, short hair is dominant to long hair and dark coat color is dominant to white (albino) coat color. Assume that these two coat traits are caused by independently segregatinggene pairs. For each of the crosses given below, write the most probable genotype (or genotypes if more than one answer is possible) for the parents. It is important that you select a realistic symbol set and define each symbol below.Parental Phenotypes Phenotypes of Offspring Short Long Short Long Dark Dark Albino Albino(a) dark, short × dark, long 26 24 0 0(b) albino, short × albino, short 0 0 102 33(c) dark, short × albino, short 16 0 16 0(d) dark, short × dark, short 175 67 61 21Assume that for cross (d), you were interested in determining whether fur color follows a 3:1 ratio. Perform a Chi-square test for these data [fur color in cross (d)].2. Assume that a cross is made between a heterozygous tall pea plant and a homozygous short pea plant. Fifty offspring are produced in the following frequency:30 = tall20 = short(a) What frequency of tall and short plants is expected?(b) To test the goodness of fit between the observed and expected values, provide the needed statement of the null hypothesis.(c) Compute a Chi-square value associated with the appropriate test of significance.(d) How many degrees of freedom are associated with this test of significance? (e) What are the results of this Chi-square?3. In tomatoes the stem color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, the dominant allelefor green stems and the recessive allele for purple stems. The leaf shape is controlled by a second gene with two alleles, the dominant allele for “cut” leaves and the recessive allele for “potato” leaves. A dihybrid plant was generated by mating a purple stemmed, “cut” leaf plantwith a green stemmed, “potato” leaf plant. Assume that these genes obey Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. If this dihybrid plant were testcrossed, what percentage of the offspring would you expect to have both purple stems and “potato” leaves? Show the cross and the outcome.4. In Drosophila, a dominant allele causes Lobe eye, as opposed to the recessive wildtype eye condition, a normal eye. A second gene also has two alleles, the dominant allele for wildtype wings and the recessive allele plexus wings (plexus flies have extra wing veins). A dihybrid fly was generated by mating Lobe eyed fly with a plexus winged fly. Assume that these genesobey Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. If this dihybrid fly were testcrossed, what percentage of the offspring would you expect to have both Lobe eyes and plexus wings? Show the cross and the outcome. 5. How many different kinds of gametes will be expected by an individual with the genotype AABbCcDd and what are they?6. (Suppose) In Brazilian primrose, two pigments can accumulate in flower petals. The B gene controls the production of a blue pigment, the Y gene controls the production of a yellow pigment. When there is a dominant allele at both loci the resulting flowers are green. A dominant allele at the B locus along with two recessive alleles at the Y locus results in blue petals whereas a dominant allele at the Y locus along with two recessive alleles at the B locusresults in yellow petals. A double homozygous recessive lacks pigment and is white. A third gene, D, controls the synthesis of a dark black pigment. Plants with two recessive d alleles synthesize the dark pigment and have black petals regardless of B and Y. Plants with a dominant D allele have petal colors determined by B and Y. A garden was planted with seeds from a single parental cross. It contained blue, green and black flowers. a. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the parent plants?b. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?7. In summer squash fruit color is determined by the interaction of 2 loci. Fruit can be pigmented yellow (controlled by a dominant allele) or green. The second locus has a dominant white allele, which inhibits pigment resulting in white squash, and a recessive allele, which results in colored fruit. Consider the cross of a true breeding yellow squash witha true breeding white squash that is homozygous recessive at the pigment locus. a. Map the cross showing the parental and F1 genotypes. b. If you cross the F1 plants what is the probability of getting a green squash in the F2