HC70A & SAS70A Winter 2011 Genetic Engineering in Medicine, Agriculture, and Law Professors Bob Goldberg & John Harada Lecture 1-Part Two The Age of DNA-What is Genetic Engineering? Course AdministratorpTHEMES 1. The Age of DNA, Genomics, Genetic Engineering & Synthetic Organisms 2. What Do Genes Look Like - DNA Demonstration 3. DNA Into Your Home 4. How Was Modern Genetic Engineering “Invented?” 5. What Is Genetic Engineering & How Has It Affected Our Lives? 6. What Can Be Done With Genetic Engineering? 7. What Does Genetic Engineering Tell Us About Genetic Processes? 8. What Is the Scientific Method? 9. Genetic Engineering - Anything New? 10. Classical vs. 21st Century Genetic Engineering -Demonstration 11. Era of Genomics,Genetic Engineering, & Synthetic Life - Impact on Humankind? Part 2 Part 1Last Lecture -- Age of DNA & Genetic Engineering Today’s Class -- What ARE Genes & How Do They Work? PART ONE Demonstration Bacterial “Cloning” & Gel ElectrophoresisDNA in the News! Journal of Molecular Biology and Evolution, January, 2011, 28, 29-32 From Gene Divergence in Head and Clothing LiceRecall: We Live in the The Age of DNA! Genetic Engineering Is Manipulating DNA! Understanding Genetic Engineering Requires a Basic Understanding of Genes And How They WorkIf You Were on the Nobel Prize Committee, Who Would Be Your Choice(s) For Being Awarded the Nobel Prize For Discovering the Structure of DNA? a. Watson b. Crick c. Wilkins d. Franklin e. Gosling f. Chargaff Note: Nobel Prize Rules Allow Only Three People To Share a Prize1/11/11 - Continuation of Lecture #1 Age of DNA - There Are NO Genetic Limitations to What Can Be Done Using Genetic Engineering!• Synthetic Chromosomes & Microbes • Recombinant Plasmids & Bacteria • GlowFish, GloMice, GloMonkey, GloPlant • Mighty Mice and Giant Fish • Insect Resistant Crops • Novel Fly Body Plans (e.g., eye on leg) • Engineered HumansWhat Do These Genetic Engineering Experiments “Say” About the Unity of Genetic and Biological Processes?!What is the Hypothesis?!What are the Predictions? What Experiment(s) to Test Predictions?Traits! What Can We Infer FROM These Genetic Engineering Experiments About How Genes “Work” and Genetic Processes in All living Organisims? 1. Genes Can Work Independently of Other 2. Basic Genetic Processes Are Universal (Replication & DNA to RNA to Protein) 4. Basic Genetic Processes Can Be Used to Engineer or Transfer Genes From One Organism to Another and Transfer Them Stably Generation After Generation1. Genes Can Work Independently of Each Other - The Jellyfish Fluorescence Gene Works Perfectly in a Variety of Organisms 2. Basic Genetic Processes Are Universal (Replication & DNA to RNA to Protein) - The Jellyfish Gene Directs the Production of Fluorescence Protein That Glows in the Cells of a Variety of Organisms. 5. Basic Genetic Processes Can Be Used to Engineer or Transfer Genes From One Organism to Another and Transfer Them Stably Generation After Generation - The Jellyfish Gene Can Be Used To Engineer a Variety of Organisms That Glow and That Are Inherited Generation After Generation. Observations and Inferences From the GloGene ExperimentsCan Intervene in This Process in Cells Genetic Engineering Is not “Hocus Pocus.” It Uses “Natural” Cell Processes!!!! All Organisms Use The SAME Processes And “RULES” to Generate Traits!! And The SAME Molecules & Chemistry!! Trait (e.g., eye color)SCIENTIFIC KN0WLEDGE IS OBTAINED BY A PRECISE & SPECIFIC PROCESS!HOW IS SCIENCE CARRIED OUT?• What are the Observations?!• What is Your Hypothesis to Explain the Observations? • What are the Predictions? The Scientific Method!• How Test Hypothesis? • What are the Experimental Data? • Have the Data Been Verified & Peer Reviewed?• Science is Based on Observation, Hypothesis Testing, Rigorous Experimentation, and Verification Science is NOT “Hocus Pocus” or Based on Opinions and Beliefs!• Technology, or the Application of Scientific Knowledge, Has Transformed Dramatically Our Lives and How We Live!What Are the Data!!!!!It Has Lead to Civilization and Culture as We Know It!!• Agriculture • Medicine • Computers and Automation • Airplanes, Cars, and Satellites • Countries and Cities • Political Systems • Art and Literature • Etc., Etc., Etc.!Simply Put:Our Way of Life!!Is Genetic Engineering a New Technology? a. Yes b. NoThere is Nothing New About Genetic Engineering! Manipulating Genes is Manipulating Genes No Matter What Technology or Processes Are Used!!Most Major Crops Were Engineered From Wild Relatives by Early “Bioengineers” Over 10,000 Years Ago!! Breeding Involves Gene Manipulation Using EXISTING Genetic Variability!Breeding Uses Natural Genetic Variability of Genes As Raw Material - Variability Generated by Mutations Mutations in a Gene That Change Its Chemical Sequence & Slightly Alters Its Function (e.g., fruit size, color)Tomatoes Were Engineered From Small Wild Relatives Because of Mutations in Fruit Size Genes! The Early Tomato “Bioengineers” Selected For Large Fruit Size Because it Provided More Food! What They Were Selecting Was a Different Form (Allele) of a Fruit Size Gene!Engineering Teosinte Into Domesticated Corn Note: Architecture and Fruit (cob) Size Only Five Genes Cause These Plants to Differ & We Now Know What They AreEngineered For Regulatory Genes!! Genes That Have Been Identified!!Farm Animals Were Also “Engineered” By Breeding Wild Relatives Cattle Breeding in Egypt 4,000 Years Ago! Manipulating Existing Genetic Variability Brought About By Chance Mutations! Note Trait VariabilityEven Domesticated Pets Were “Engineered” By Breeding Wild Relatives The Dog Genome Has Been Sequenced! Nature, December 2005The Problem With Breeding the “Old Fashioned Way” Cannot Predict Results!The Problem With Breeding the “Old Fashioned Way”Results Show the Unpredictability of Classical Breeding Approaches Compare With the Modern Genetic Engineering Examples Shown PreviouslyGenetic Engineering is a Technique! How Do Classical Genetic Engineering Methods Differ From Those Using DNA and 21st Century Technologies?Classical vs. Molecular Genetic Engineering Or Many Cloned or Synthesized Genes Or Many GenesWhat Are The Limitations of Classical Breeding/Genetic Engineering? 1. Limited To