Population Genetics Problems Fall 20131. A frog population was assayed for allelic variation at the Mdh allozyme locus and 2 alleles were found; the fast allele (F) and the slow allele (S). The population was found to have 26 individuals homozygous for F, 34 individuals homozygous for S and 44 heterozygous individuals. a) Calculate allele and genotype frequencies for this population. b) Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumc) Not infrequently, populations like the frogs discussed here are found to NOT be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Discuss 3 possible mechanisms that might cause a population such as this one to not be in Hardy-Weinberg.2. A population of chickadees was sampled and individuals were genotyped for the Adh locus. The picture below represents the gel of genotypes – the number at the top indicates the number of birds withthat genotype. Calculate the allele and genotype frequencies for each allele and genotype. Determine if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 3. MN blood groups in humans have been genotyped in many populations. The following is a sample of 1066 Chukchi individuals, native people of eastern Siberia (Roychoudhury and Nei 1988). Calculate the allele and genotype frequencies for this set of individuals. Is this population in H-W? MM = 165, MN = 562, NN = 3394. Calculate the genotype frequencies of the following set of ABO blood groups:O = 148, A = 212, B = 103, AB = 395. Suppose in ladybird beetles spotting is controlled by a single gene with two alleles that show incomplete dominance. The S allele codes for spots, the s allele codes for no spots and Ss genotype has an intermediate number of spots. In a population of these beetles the following sample was obtained: 223 were heavily spotted, 556 had an intermediate number of spots, 431 had no spots.a. Calculate allelic frequencies of the S and s alleles in this population.b. Use Chi Square to test if this population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.c. What might be the explanation for your answer to (b)?SMF12 17 5 8 10 36. Discuss the effects of non-random mating on allelic frequencies and on genotypic frequencies in populations that otherwise meet the criteria for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.7. Voles (Microtus ochragaster) were trapped in old fields in southern Indiana and were genotyped fora transferrin locus. The following numbers of genotypes were recorded, where TE and TF represent different alleles: Genotype # individuals TETE 403TETF178TFTF 13a) What are the allelic and genotypic frequencies for this population? b) Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c) If this field were slated for development and houses were built on a large portion of the field where these voles live,a. what do you think will happen to the genotype and allele frequencies of this locus in this population? Explain your answer in terms of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions that are relevant.b. How will this impact the genetic diversity in the population? c. How do you think genetic diversity in the population would be affected if there were a neighboring old field with a population of voles that could exchange migrants with this population?8. Imagine you were leading a team to investigate mink on Grand Island. You assayed the individuals using hair samples for genotypes at the A locus. The following table represents the data collected. Genotype # individuals A1 A113A1 A210A2 A227a) What are the allelic and genotypic frequencies for this population? b) Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c) Based on the answers to the above questions, what can you say about this population?9. Given the following gel results, calculate allele and genotype frequencies for each locus (ADH-1 and ADH-2).10. The frequency of recessive albinism in the human population is 1 in 2500 births. Assume that mating for this trait is random in the population to answer the following questions.a. What is the frequency of the recessive allele?b. How many people are expected to carry the trait out of 1,000 individuals?11. In some areas of the United States global warming is expected to cause drier conditions but in otherareas, wetter conditions. Where drier conditions will exist, some lakes and streams will dry up leaving only the deepest water bodies. a. What evolutionary forces will be acting on the fish populations of these more separated lakes?b. How do you think this will affect the genetic diversity of a fish population within a given lake? c. How will fewer waterways affect the genetic diversity of fish populations between lakes?12. Albinism in humans results from an autosomal recessive allele. Normally, this trait is rare, but among the Hopi Indians of Arizona, it is quite common. Researchers Woolf and Dukepoo visited the Hopi villages in 1969 and observed 26 cases of albinism in a population of 6,000 Hopis. a. What is the frequency of the albino allele in this Hopi population?b. What is the chance that a normal pigmented Hopi would be a carrier of the albino allele (assume this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)? 13. Pigmentation in a species of insects is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, D for dark and dfor light. The heterozygote Dd is intermediate in color. In a heterogeneous environment, the allele frequencies are D = 0.7 and d = 0.3. This polymorphism is maintained because the environment contains some dimly lit forested areas and some sunny fields. During a hurricane, a group of 1,000 insects is blown to a completely sunny area. In this environment the fitness values are DD = 0.3, Dd = 0.7, and dd = 1.0. a. Calculate the allele frequencies in the next generation.b. Describe the process that is occurring in this population.c. What will happen to the allele frequencies if this population continues to exist in a sunny location? 14. In a large herd of 5,468 sheep, 76 animals have yellow fat, compared to the rest of the members of the herd, which have white fat. Yellow fat is inherited as a recessive trait. It is assumed that this herd is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.a. What are the frequencies of the white and yellow fat alleles in this population?b. Approximately how many sheep with white fat are heterozygous carriers of the yellow allele?15. If 5 out of 100 mice migrated from a large field (mainland) to a barn (island) every year and the frequency of the A allele in the field was 0.67 and the frequency of