early_weeks3-4outline.wpd, Newton Key, His 25601. Mongols in East and West Asia, 1100-1400: a barbarian civilization?a. China and the Northi. China interaction with invaders from the Northii. Mongols to Chinggis (Genghis) Khaniii. importance of Chinggisb. Mongols and Chinai. Rulers(1) Genghis Khan (1167-1227)(2) Ögödei (son, 1229-41)(3) Möngke (grandson, 1251-9)(4) Khubilai Khan, (another grandson, ca. 1260-94)ii. nomadic invaders, ruthless; but also unifiers & tradersiii. Kublai Khan (1214-94), grandson, largest land empire in historyc. Legacy of Mongols on World Historyi. outside China, unity of Empire disappears, briefly reformed by the MuslimTamerlane (1370-1405)ii. beginning of Eurasian/global history2. Three Great Islamic Empiresa. Precursors: Mohammed and Caliphatesi. Mohammed(1) (c. 569-632), 622, year of hegira to Medina:(2) Islam 5 pillars(a) Shahada (one God)(b) Salat (prayer 5/day)(c) Zakat (charitable giving)(d) Sawm (fasting, Ramadan)(e) Hajj (pilgrimage)(3) Koran = "recitation", revealed by God/Allah(4) unity of Arab tribes under banner of the Prophet(a) toleration and jihadii. Caliphates(1) (632–12 century) Caliph = deputy of the prophetth(2) from Medina to Damascus; from Damascus to Baghdad(3) Split by end of 7th century between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims(4) Caliphates centered in old Mesopotamian world, largely Sunni(5) Decline under threat from new barbarians from 11 –14 cs.th thb. Islamic Empire, Gunpowder Empiresi. Mughal Sha Jahan, and construction of the Taj Mahal after wife dies inchildbirth in 1631. Pre-Versailles, about time of construction of InigoJones’s Banqueting Hall in Westminster. c. Ottoman Turks i. The Terrible Turk (European vision of empire blocking their connection tothe East)? ii. HISTORY: from Turkistan, Inner Asia to Anatolia (not Arabs, butconverts to Islam)(1) Osman, or Othman, early 14th century(2) Mehmed II (1451-81)(3) Suleiman I (1520-66)iii. ORGANIZATION: Sultan as caliph, law as Koran (but non-Muslimsallowed to keep own laws), relatively tolerant if autocratic(1) Vizier, pashas, janissaries = yeni cheri (“young troops”)early_weeks3-4outline.wpd, Newton Key, His 25603. Persian (Safavid)i. Shi'ite, minority Muslim group, faith adopted by northern Persian mysticalorder, becomes powerful movement.ii. HISTORY: from mythical beginnings to rule of Ismail (1501-24)iii. ORGANIZATION: split between government power of Shahs (who claimsemi-divine status) and ulemas (or shaykhs, holy men) who claim religiouspower because of their mastery of the knowledge and laws of the Koran.b. Mughal Indiai. History: from Afghan mountains (or Turkey), but move into southern Asia(1) Babur (“the Tiger,” 1483-1530)(2) Akbar (1556-1605)(3) Jahangir (1605-27)ii. tributary base of state, monetary economy = cash crops and skilledartisans, strength of Indian trade throughout the worldiii. weakened by court